Family name
Species name
Vernacular name
Search by	APG Flora of China

I. Construction of the database

1. Introduction

We constructed a database of microscopic features of 1,255 wood species from China (a) to assist in wood identification of any type of wood or wood product, such as wood cultural items, (b) to use this database for teaching, and (c) for any other purposes in China and other countries. In constructing this database, we specially considered the “biodiversity” factor, and described not only commercial timbers, but also endemic and endangered species (1, see Appendix Table 3).

Basically, we targeted wood species that are indigenous in China, but we also included some foreign species, introduced and/or cultivated in China because of their high commercial value, Eucalyptus spp., Santalum album, Pterocarpus santalinus, Hevea brasiliensis, Swietenia mahagoni, and Tectona grandis etc. We made efforts to describe as many woody families and genera as possible to cover a wide range of taxonomically diverse species from the perspective of biodiversity in trees. Additionally, we included wood specimens of some shrubs and vines donated by some xylaria in Japan. This was important as xylaria of universities and institutions in Japan store collections of Chinese woods, and wood specimens from these shrubs and vines are limited to the xylaria in China. Many wood species grows in both China and Japan. Due to the shortage of collecting some wood species in China, we utilized those grown and collected in Japan as shown in table 1.

Table 1. Wood species grown and collected in Japan.

APG-Family	APG-Family (Chinese)	APG-Species	Species-Chinese name
Gymnospermae
Cupressaceae	柏科	Chamaecyparis obtusa (Siebold & Zuccarini) Endlicher	日本扁柏
Cupressaceae	柏科	Thujopsis dolabrata (Thunberg ex Linnaeus f.) Siebold & Zuccarini	罗汉柏
Pinaceae	松科	Picea jezoensis (Siebold & Zuccarini) Carrière	卵果鱼鳞云杉
Angiospermae
Actinidiaceae	猕猴桃科	Actinidia polygama (Siebold & Zuccarini) Maximowicz	葛枣猕猴桃
Rubiaceae	茜草科	Aidia henryi (E. Pritzel) T. Yamazaki	茜树
Lardizabalaceae	木通科	Akebia quinata (Houttuyn) Decaisne	木通
Fabaceae	豆科	Amorpha fruticosa Linnaeus	紫穗槐
Apocynaceae	夹竹桃科	Anodendron affine (Hooker & Arnott) Druce	鳝藤
Phyllanthaceae	叶下珠科	Antidesma japonicum Siebold & Zuccarini	酸味子
Primulaceae	报春花科	Ardisia crenata Sims	朱砂根
Primulaceae	报春花科	Ardisia sieboldii Miquel	多枝紫金牛
Berberidaceae	小檗科	Berberis amurensis Ruprecht	黄芦木
Fabaceae	豆科	Biancaea decapetala (Roth) O. Degener	云实
Lamiaceae	唇形科	Callicarpa japonica Thunberg	日本紫珠
Theaceae	山茶科	Camellia japonica Linnaeus	山茶
Theaceae	山茶科	Camellia sinensis (Linnaeus) Kuntze	茶
Bignoniaceae	紫葳科	Catalpa ovata G. Don	梓
Celastraceae	卫矛科	Celastrus orbiculatus Thunberg	南蛇藤
Oleaceae	木犀科	Chionanthus retusus Lindley & Paxton	流苏树
Rutaceae	芸香科	Citrus trifoliata Linnaeus	枳
Lamiaceae	唇形科	Clerodendrum trichotomum Thunberg	海州常山
Menispermaceae	防己科	Cocculus laurifolius Candolle	樟叶木防己
Rosaceae	蔷薇科	Crataegus cuneata Siebold & Zuccarini	野山楂
Thymelaeaceae	瑞香科	Daphne odora Thunberg	瑞香
Hydrangeaceae	绣球科	Deutzia crenata Siebold & Zuccarini	齿叶溲疏
Sapindaceae	无患子科	Dodonaea viscosa Jacquin	车桑子
Rosaceae	蔷薇科	Dryas octopetala Linnaeus var. asiatica (Nakai) Nakai	东亚仙女木
Thymelaeaceae	瑞香科	Edgeworthia chrysantha Lindley	结香
Boraginaceae	紫草科	Ehretia dicksonii Hance	粗糠树
Elaeagnaceae	胡颓子科	Elaeagnus multiflora Thunberg	木半夏
Elaeagnaceae	胡颓子科	Elaeagnus pungens Thunberg	胡颓子
Celastraceae	卫矛科	Euonymus oxyphyllus Miquel	垂丝卫矛
Araliaceae	五加科科	Fatsia japonica (Thunberg) Decaisne & Planchon	八角金盘
Fabaceae	豆科	Gleditsia japonica Miquel	山皂荚
Helwingiaceae	青荚叶科	Helwingia japonica (Thunberg) F. Dietrich	青荚叶
Malvaceae	锦葵科	Hibiscus mutabilis Linnaeus	木芙蓉
Malvaceae	锦葵科	Hibiscus syriacus Linnaeus	木槿
Hydrangeaceae	绣球科	Hydrangea paniculata Siebold	圆锥绣球
Hypericaceae	金丝桃科	Hypericum monogynum Linnaeus	金丝桃
Aquifoliaceae	冬青科	Ilex crenata Thunberg	齿叶冬青
Lythraceae	千屈菜科	Lagerstroemia indica Linnaeus	紫薇
Rubiaceae	茜草科	Lasianthus japonicus Miquel	日本粗叶木
Fabaceae	豆科	Lespedeza buergeri Miquel	绿叶胡枝子
Oleaceae	木犀科	Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & Zuccarini	水蜡树
Caprifoliaceae	忍冬科	Lonicera japonica Thunberg	忍冬
Solanaceae	茄科	Lycium chinense Miller	枸杞
Primulaceae	报春花科	Maesa japonica (Thunberg) Moritzi & Zollinger	杜茎山
Rosaceae	蔷薇科	Malus toringoides (Rehder) Hughes	变叶海棠
Celastraceae	卫矛科	Microtropis japonica (Franchet & Savatier) H. Hallier	日本假卫矛
Rubiaceae	茜草科	Morinda citrifolia Linnaeus	海滨木巴戟
Berberidaceae	小檗科	Nandina domestica Thunberg	南天竹
Rosaceae	蔷薇科	Neillia incisa (Thunberg) S.H. Oh	小米空木
Vitaceae	葡萄科	Nekemias cantoniensis (Hooker & Arnott) J. Wen & Z.L. Nie	广东蛇葡萄
Urticaceae	荨麻科	Oreocnide pedunculata (Shirai) Masamune	长梗紫麻
Rutaceae	芸香科	Orixa japonica Thunberg	臭常山
Paeoniaceae	芍药科	Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews	牡丹
Rhamnaceae	鼠李科	Paliurus ramosissimus (Loureiro) Poiret	马甲子
Rosaceae	蔷薇科	Photinia glabra (Thunberg) Maximowicz	光叶石楠
Phyllanthaceae	叶下珠科	Phyllanthus flexuosus (Siebold & Zuccarini) Müller Argoviensis	落萼叶下珠
Pittosporaceae	海桐花科	Pittosporum tobira (Thunberg) W. T Aiton	海桐
Rubiaceae	茜草科	Psychotria asiatica Linnaeus	九节
Rosaceae	蔷薇科	Rhodotypos scandens (Thunberg) Makino	鸡麻
Rosaceae	蔷薇科	Rosa multiflora Thunberg	野蔷薇
Rosaceae	蔷薇科	Rubus crataegifolius Bunge	牛叠肚
Rosaceae	蔷薇科	Sorbaria sorbifolia (Linnaeus) A. Braun	珍珠梅
Staphyleaceae	省沽油科	Staphylea bumalda Candolle	省沽油
Rubiaceae	茜草科	Tarenna gracilipes (Hayata) Ohwi	薄叶玉心花
Apocynaceae	夹竹桃科	Trachelospermum asiaticum (Siebold & Zuccarini) Nakai	亚洲络石
Rubiaceae	茜草科	Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miquel) Miquel	钩藤

2. Collection of wood specimens

Wood specimens were donated or collected from various universities and institutions of China and Japan. These include Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China; Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China; Peking University, Beijing, China; Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China; Forest Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan; Osaka Museum of Natural History, Osaka, Japan.

3. Preparation of slides

Microscopic slides were mainly prepared by some authors, Yongzhi Cui, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin and to a lesser degree by Dagang Li, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjjing and by Takao Itoh, Kyoto University, Kyoto. Using a sliding microtome (Yamato Koki Industrial Co. Ltd., Japan), sections with a thickness between 10 and 20 µm were prepared from the wood specimens. All sections were stained with safranin and subsequently dehydrated using a series of alcohol concentrations and finally mounted in Biolite (Okenshoji Co., Ltd., Japan), a mounting medium used as an alternative to Canada Balsam. After sectioning, the small wood blocks were dried at room temperature and stored in custom-made wooden containers (30 x 42 x 3 cm) (Fig. 1). Each container can hold 195 wood blocks.

Figure 1. Wooden container for keeping wood blocks after microtome-sectioning.

4. Description of microscopic features

When we started to construct a database of Chinese woods, we have compiled a list of all scientific and Chinese names given in the four-volume Atlas of Chinese trees (中国树木志), as a basic data source (2). We then used the “Flora of China” website as a reference for more up-to-date scientific and Chinese names of families, genera and species (3). The headings of species description include not only the latest scientific and Chinese names (in block letters), but also old scientific names and/or synonyms, and other Chinese names with pinyin (in non-block letters). After adding pinyin according to the “Flora of China”, some corrections were made according to the electronic document, “Correction of common names and unification of pinyin used for plants in ‘Flora of China’;《中国植物志》植物中文普通名的订正和读音的统一”(5).

In view of the fact that angiosperm classification by APG (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) is increasingly accepted by the scientific community, we made a comparative table of the nomenclature of family and/or species names between FOC (Flora of China) and APG（see Table 4 in Appendix, in which tree species without any changes of family and/or species name are not included. Finally, the database was constructed to compare and search taxa used in APG IV and Flora of China (see contents “IV. Instructions for Database Search”).

As can be imagined from the background mentioned above, the scientific names used in our database are organized primarily according to the newer classification standard, “APG Ⅳ Web Site” (4) with some modification by K. Yonekura (6), and also according to “Flora of China Web Site” (3) for the convenience of easy access to the scientific names and various characteristics of most of the trees growing in China on the Internet.

Microscopic features are described according to the following standard:

The order and arrangement of wood species: Basically, family names, genus names within a family, and species names within a genus are arranged alphabetically in our database to facilitate sorting of family, genus and species by the users. In addition, the computer-assisted search is enabled for wood species according to the classification of APG Ⅳ or “Flora of China”.

Two-page spread: Data of each species are shown in a two-page spread, especially for eBook and paperback. The description of microscopic features, a map of species distribution, and a low magnification image are shown on one page, while 9 photomicrographs are shown on the other page.

Descriptions: The headings of the descriptions include “Scientific Name”, “Synonym” and “Vernacular Name”. “Softwood” or “Hardwood” and “Family/Genus names” appear on the left or right in the upper margin of each page. The height and diameter of the trees, their habitat and distribution area are given in "General". These information are mainly cited from “Atlas of Chinese Trees” or “Flora of China” (2, 3). The provincial distributions in “General” for most species are cited from the references listed in Table 5 and 6 in Chapter II and partly from “Flora of China” (3). Endemic species, and the categories of “critically endangered”, “endangered” or “vulnerable” species are also included in the “General” category. Microscopic features of each species are described in the order of the following items: “Growth rings”, “Tracheids”, “Axial parenchyma”, “Rays”, “Intercellular canals” for softwoods and “Growth rings”, “Vessels”, “Tracheids and Fibers”, “Axial parenchyma”, “Rays”, “Intercellular canals” or (“Tubes/tubules” or “Cambial variants”) for hardwoods. “Uses”, “IAWA Codes” and “Source of wood specimens” are described after microscopic features in both softwoods and hardwoods (7, 8).

Uses: Most data in Uses are based on the “Wood Atlas in China” by Cheng et al. (9), Sylva Sinica by Zheng (2) as well as the “Flora of China” online database (3). The various uses are arranged in a way, that first those entries are listed that reflect the characteristics of the respective wood species, like grain and color, or properties like strength and flexibility, and finally industrial uses, like electrical poles or pulp and paper. For technical terms in English relating to the wood and its use, we refer to Corkhill’s “The Complete Dictionary of Wood” (10). As for the specific uses of Buddhist or Deity sculptures, we refer to “The Study of Buddhist Sculptures from Japan and China Based on Wood Identification”, 2007, by Mertz and Itoh (11) and “A Study of the Wood Species of 73 Deity Sculptures of the Hunan Province, from the Patrice Fava Collection”, 2010, by Mertz and Itoh (12).

IAWA codes: Key microscopic features of individual wood species are abbreviated as IAWA codes for both, softwood and hardwood, according to the IAWA Lists of Microscopic Features for Softwood and Hardwood Identification (7, 8). IAWA codes for individual species were assessed strictly by the authors, to assist in the computerized wood identification module that forms the most useful part of this database, being explained in detail in the chapter IV “Instruction for database search”.

Source of wood specimens: Source of wood specimens are described using a collection acronym (Table 2). In some cases, a slide number is used as an alternative to the collection acronym for wood specimens.

Table 2. Collection acronym or other registered abbreviation in Xylarium.

Collection acronym or other registered abbreviation	Collection affiliation
Banna	Nanjing Forestry University, China; specimen originated from Xishuangbanna
CSUFTw	Central South University of Forestry and Technology, China
Donglin	Northeast Forestry University, China
Guangxi	Nanjing Forestry University, China; specimen originated from Guangxi
Guizhou	Nanjing Forestry University, China; specimen originated from Guizhou Academy of Forestry
Hainan	Nanjing Forestry University, China; specimen originated from Hainan island
HU	Hokkaido University, Japan
KYOw	Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Japan
Linkeyuan	Nanjing Forestry University, China; specimen originated from Wood Production Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, China
Nanlin	Nanjing Forestry University, China
OSAw	Osaka Museum of Natural History, Japan
PU	Peking University, China
Shaanxi	Nanjing Forestry University, China; specimen originated from Shaanxi
SWFUw	Southwest Forestry University, China
TAIFw	Forestry Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan
Taiwan	Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Japan; slides originated from Taiwan
TOFOw	Tokyo University, Japan
TWTw	Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Japan
Yunnan	Nanjing Forestry University, China; specimen originated from Yunnan

Map of tree distribution: See details in chapter III (Construction of tree distribution maps in China).

Stereo microscope images: After preparing microscope slides, small wood blocks were stored in wooden containers, as shown in Fig. 1. Each container allowed storage of a maximum of 195 wood blocks. Wood blocks were observed with a stereo microscope (Leica Co. Ltd., MZ APO) and images were taken using a computer-assisted digital camera (Olympus Co. Ltd., DP-72) with Intralux 6000-1 as the source of illumination (Switzerland; Power:1, Intensity: Low). For species where no stereo microscope image is available, an optical microscope image was taken using a 2x lens and used in place of stereo microscope image.

Optical microscope images: Microscopic images of three different sections (cross, radial and tangential) were taken using a computer-assisted digital camera (Olympus Co., Ltd., DP-70) attached to an optical microscope (Olympus Co., Ltd., BH-2 and BX51) in the private house of editor-in-chief or in the laboratory of Biomass Morphogenesis and Information, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan.

Objective lenses used for microscopic observations were basically x2, x4, x10, x20, and x40. For some wood species, a photomicrograph was taken using a computer-assisted microscopic digital camera (Carl Zeiss Co., Ltd.) attached to an optical microscope (Carl Zeiss Co., Ltd., AXIO PHOTO) in the laboratory of Dendrochronological Dating section, Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Nara, Japan. A x2.5 objective lens was used for taking low magnification images of cross sections. Tangential sectional images of some hardwood samples with broad rays were often taken by a x2 objective lens. Optical microscope images of cross-field pittings in softwood and vessel-ray pittings in hardwood were always taken with a x40 objective lens. Commonly, images with three different magnifications of cross-, radial- and tangential-sections were taken for each sample to show various microscopic features.

5. Appendices

Two additional tables are included as appendices to help readers use this database; one is a list of “Endemic and endangered species in this database” (Table 3) and the other a list of “Comparison of scientific names and family classification in FOC (Flora of China) and APG (Angiosperm Phylogeny) IV (Table 4). The former is cited from “Threatened Species List of China’s Higher Plants (1) reported by the Ministry of Environmental Protection in China in co-operation with the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The latter is basically in accordance with the FOC and APG IV with some modification by the recommendation of Koji Yonekura who is a distinguished plant taxonomist and an author of the reference (6).

Table 3. Endemic and endangered species in this database.

* IUCN Red List in this table is cited from “Threatened Species List of China’s Higher Plants (1) reported by the Ministry of Environmental Protection in co-operation with Chinese Academy of Sciences. The list of Chinese version is based on the assessment of IUCN Red List.

No	Family	Family (Chinese)	Species	Vernacular name (Chinese)	Endemic	Categories in CITES and IUCN Red List*
Gymnospermae
1	Cupressaceae	柏科	Chamaecyparis formosensis	红桧	◎	Endangered
2	Cupressaceae	柏科	Chamaecyparis obtusa var. formosana	台湾扁柏	◎	Vulnerable
3	Cupressaceae	柏科	Cupressus duclouxiana	干香柏	◎	Vulnerable
4	Cupressaceae	柏科	Cupressus torulosa	西藏柏木		Endangered
5	Cupressaceae	柏科	Fokienia hodginsii	福建柏		Vulnerable
6	Cupressaceae	柏科	Glyptostrobus pensilis	水松		Critically Endangered
7	Cupressaceae	柏科	Juniperus rigida	杜松		Endangered
8	Cupressaceae	柏科	Metasequoia glyptostroboides	水杉	◎	Critically Endangered
9	Cupressaceae	柏科	Taiwania cryptomerioides	台湾杉		Vulnerable
10	Ginkgoaceae	银杏科	Ginkgo biloba	银杏	◎	Critically Endangered
11	Pinaceae	松科	Abies chensiensis	秦岭冷杉	◎	Vulnerable
12	Pinaceae	松科	Abies fargesii	巴山冷杉	◎	Vulnerable
13	Pinaceae	松科	Abies nukiangensis	怒江冷杉		Vulnerable
14	Pinaceae	松科	Abies sibirica	鲜卑冷杉		Vulnerable
15	Pinaceae	松科	Cathaya argyrophylla	银杉	◎	Vulnerable
16	Pinaceae	松科	Cedrus deodara	雪松		Vulnerable
17	Pinaceae	松科	Keteleeria davidiana	铁坚油杉	◎	Vulnerable
18	Pinaceae	松科	Keteleeria evelyniana	云南油杉		Vulnerable
19	Pinaceae	松科	Keteleeria fortunei	油杉		Vulnerable
20	Pinaceae	松科	Keteleeria fortunei var. cyclolepis	江南油杉		Vulnerable
21	Pinaceae	松科	Larix gmelinii	落叶松		Vulnerable
22	Pinaceae	松科	Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii	华北落叶松	◎	Vulnerable
23	Pinaceae	松科	Larix mastersiana	四川红杉	◎	Endangered
24	Pinaceae	松科	Larix sibirica	新疆落叶松		Vulnerable
25	Pinaceae	松科	Larix speciosa	怒江红杉	◎	Critically Endangered
26	Pinaceae	松科	Picea meyeri	白扦	◎	Vulnerable
27	Pinaceae	松科	Picea morrisonicola	台湾云杉	◎	Endangered
28	Pinaceae	松科	Picea neoveitchii	大果青扦	◎	Vulnerable
29	Pinaceae	松科	Picea smithiana	长叶云杉		Endangered
30	Pinaceae	松科	Pinus bungeana	白皮松	◎	Endangered
31	Pinaceae	松科	Pinus densiflora var. ussuriensis	兴凯赤松		Vulnerable
32	Pinaceae	松科	Pinus kesiya	卡西亚松		Vulnerable
33	Pinaceae	松科	Pinus koraiensis	红松		AppendixⅢ; Critically Endangered
34	Pinaceae	松科	Pinus pumila	偃松		Critically Endangered
35	Pinaceae	松科	Pinus roxburghii	西藏长叶松		Critically Endangered
36	Pinaceae	松科	Pinus sibirica	新疆五针松		Vulnerable
37	Pinaceae	松科	Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica	樟子松		Vulnerable
38	Pinaceae	松科	Pinus sylvestris var. sylvestriformis	长白松	◎	Critically Endangered
39	Pinaceae	松科	Pinus tabuliformis var. henryi	巴山松	◎	Vulnerable
40	Pinaceae	松科	Pseudolarix amabilis	金钱松	◎	Vulnerable
41	Pinaceae	松科	Pseudotsuga sinensis	黄杉	◎	Vulnerable
42	Pinaceae	松科	Pseudotsuga sinensis var. wilsoniana	台湾黄杉	◎	Endangered
43	Pinaceae	松科	Tsuga chinensis var. forrestii	丽江铁杉	◎	Vulnerable
44	Pinaceae	松科	Tsuga dumosa	云南铁杉		Vulnerable
45	Pinaceae	松科	Nothotsuga longibracteata(Tsuga longibracteata)	长苞铁杉	◎	Vulnerable
46	Podocarpaceae	罗汉松科	Dacrycarpus imbricatus var. patulus	展叶鸡毛松		Vulnerable
47	Podocarpaceae	罗汉松科	Dacrydium pectinatum	陆均松		Endangered
48	Podocarpaceae	罗汉松科	Nageia nagi	竹柏		Endangered
49	Podocarpaceae	罗汉松科	Podocarpus macrophyllus	罗汉松		Vulnerable
50	Podocarpaceae	罗汉松科	Podocarpus nakaii	台湾罗汉松	◎	Endangered
51	Podocarpaceae	罗汉松科	Podocarpus neriifolius	百日青		Appendix Ⅲ；Vulnerable
52	Podocarpaceae	罗汉松科	Podocarpus wangii	小叶罗汉松	◎	Endangered
53	Taxaceae	红豆杉科	Amentotaxus argotaenia	穗花杉		Vulnerable
54	Taxaceae	红豆杉科	Taxus wallichiana var. chinensis(Taxus chinensis)	红豆杉		Appendix Ⅱ；Endangered
55	Taxaceae	红豆杉科	Taxus cuspidata	东北红豆杉		Appendix Ⅱ；Endangered
56	Taxaceae	红豆杉科	Taxus wallichiana var. mairei(Taxus mairei)	南方红豆杉		Vulnerable
57	Taxaceae	红豆杉科	Taxus wallichiana	须弥红豆杉		Appendix Ⅱ；Vulnerable
Angiospermae
58	Aceraceae	槭树科	Acer mandshuricum	东北槭		Vulnerable
59	Aceraceae	槭树科	Acer palmatum	鸡爪槭		Vulnerable
60	Aceraceae	槭树科	Acer pilosum var. pilosum	疏毛槭	◎	Vulnerable
61	Anacardiaceae	漆树科	Dracontomelon macrocarpum	大果人面子	◎	Endangered
62	Anacardiaceae	漆树科	Mangifera sylvatica	林生杧果		Endangered
63	Annonaceae	番荔枝科	Miliusa horsfieldii	囊瓣木		Vulnerable
64	Annonaceae	番荔枝科	Mitrephora wangii	云南银钩花		Vulnerable
65	Annonaceae	番荔枝科	Orophea hainanensis	澄广花	◎	Vulnerable
66	Araliaceae	五加科	Gamblea ciliata var. evodiifolia	吴茱萸五加		Vulnerable
67	Araliaceae	五加科	Heteropanax yunnanensis	云南幌伞枫	◎	Endangered
68	Clethraceae	山柳科	Clethra fargesii	城口桤叶树	◎	Endangered
69	Clusiaceae	藤黄科	Garcinia kwangsiensis	广西藤黄	◎	Endangered
70	Clusiaceae	藤黄科	Garcinia paucinervis	金丝李	◎	Vulnerable
71	Combretaceae	使君子科	Lumnitzera littorea	红榄李		Vulnerable
72	Combretaceae	使君子科	Terminalia bellirica	毗黎勒		Endangered
73	Connaraceae	牛栓藤科	Ellipanthus glabrifolius	单叶豆	◎	Endangered
74	Dilleniaceae	五桠果科	Dillenia indica	五桠果		Endangered
75	Dipentodontaceae	十齿花科	Perrottetia arisanensis	台湾核子木	◎	Vulnerable
76	Dipterocarpaceae	龙脑香科	Shorea chinensis (Hopea chinensis)	狭叶坡垒		Vulnerable
77	Dipterocarpaceae	龙脑香科	Hopea hainanensis	坡垒		Endangered
78	Dipterocarpaceae	龙脑香科	Shorea chinensis (Parashorea chinensis)	望天树		Endangered
79	Dipterocarpaceae	龙脑香科	Vatica guangxiensis	广西青梅		Critically Endangered
80	Dipterocarpaceae	龙脑香科	Vatica mangachapoi	青梅		Vulnerable
81	Elaeocarpaceae	杜英科	Elaeocarpus austroyunnanensis	滇南杜英	◎	Vulnerable
82	Elaeocarpaceae	杜英科	Elaeocarpus nitentifolius	绢毛杜英		Vulnerable
83	Erythroxylaceae	古柯科	Ixonanthes reticulata	粘木		Vulnerable
84	Eucommiaceae	杜仲科	Eucommia ulmoides	杜仲	◎	Vulnerable
85	Euphorbiaceae	大戟科	Cephalomappa sinensis	肥牛树		Vulnerable
86	Euphorbiaceae	大戟科	Deutzianthus tonkinensis	东京桐		Endangered
87	Fabaceae	豆科	Acrocarpus fraxinifolius	顶果木		Vulnerable
88	Fabaceae	豆科	Dalbergia assamica	秧青		Endangered
89	Fabaceae	豆科	Dalbergia cultrata	黑黄檀		Vulnerable
90	Fabaceae	豆科	Dalbergia obtusifolia	钝叶黄檀	◎	Endangered
91	Fabaceae	豆科	Dalbergia odorifera	降香黄檀	◎	Appendix Ⅲ；Critically Endangered
92	Fabaceae	豆科	Erythrophleum fordii	格木	◎	Vulnerable
93	Fabaceae	豆科	Ormosia henryi	花榈木		Vulnerable
94	Fabaceae	豆科	Ormosia hosiei	红豆树	◎	Endangered
95	Fabaceae	豆科	Ormosia yunnanensis	云南红豆	◎	Critically Endangered
96	Fabaceae	豆科	Peltophorum tonkinense	银珠		Endangered
97	Fabaceae	豆科	Pterocarpus indicus	紫檀		Critically Endangered
98	Fabaceae	豆科	Pterocarpus santalinus	檀香紫檀		Appendix Ⅱ
99	Fabaceae	豆科	Saraca dives	中国无忧花		Vulnerable
100	Fabaceae	豆科	Sindora glabra	油楠		Vulnerable
101	Fabaceae	豆科	Zenia insignis	任豆		Vulnerable
102	Fagaceae	壳斗科	Castanopsis hainanensis	海南栲	◎	Vulnerable
103	Fagaceae	壳斗科	Castanopsis kawakamii	青钩栲		Vulnerable
104	Fagaceae	壳斗科	Castanopsis rufotomentosa	红壳锥	◎	Critically Endangered
105	Fagaceae	壳斗科	Quercus tenuicupula(Cyclobalanopsis tenuicupula)	薄斗青冈	◎	Critically Endangered
106	Fagaceae	壳斗科	Trigonobalanus doichangensis(Formanodendron doichangensis)	三棱栎		Vulnerable
107	Fagaceae	壳斗科	Lithocarpus fenzelianus	红柯	◎	Endangered
108	Fagaceae	壳斗科	Lithocarpus fohaiensis	勐海柯	◎	Vulnerable
109	Fagaceae	壳斗科	Lithocarpus fordianus	命脉柯		Vulnerable
110	Fagaceae	壳斗科	Quercus mongolica	蒙栎		Appendix Ⅲ
111	Flacourtiaceae	大风子科	Gynocardia odorata	马蛋果		Endangered
112	Flacourtiaceae	大风子科	Homalium ceylanicum	斯里兰卡天料木		Vulnerable
113	Flacourtiaceae	大风子科	Hydnocarpus hainanensis	海南大风子		Vulnerable
114	Hamamelidaceae	金缕梅科	Liquidambar yunnanensis(Altingia yunnanensis)	云南蕈树	◎	Endangered
115	Hamamelidaceae	金缕梅科	Chunia bucklandioides	山铜材	◎	Endangered
116	Hamamelidaceae	金缕梅科	Fortunearia sinensis	牛鼻栓	◎	Vulnerable
117	Hamamelidaceae	金缕梅科	Mytilaria laosensis	壳菜果		Vulnerable
118	Hippocastanaceae	七叶树科	Handeliodendron bodinieri	掌叶木	◎	Endangered
119	Icacinaceae	茶茱萸科	Platea parvifolia	东方肖榄	◎	Critically Endangered
120	Juglandaceae	胡桃科	Carya cathayensis	山核桃	◎	Vulnerable
121	Juglandaceae	胡桃科	Juglans regia	胡桃		Vulnerable
122	Juglandaceae	胡桃科	Pterocarya tonkinensis	越南枫杨		Vulnerable
123	Lauraceae	樟科	Actinodaphne henryi	思茅黄肉楠		Vulnerable
124	Lauraceae	樟科	Alseodaphne hainanensis	油丹		Vulnerable
125	Lauraceae	樟科	Cinnamomum insularimontanum(Cinnamomum japonicum)	天竺桂		Vulnerable
126	Lauraceae	樟科	Cinnamomum micranthum	沉水樟		Vulnerable
127	Lauraceae	樟科	Litsea auriculata	天目木姜子	◎	Vulnerable
128	Lauraceae	樟科	Litsea szemaois	思茅木姜子	◎	Critically Endangered
129	Lauraceae	樟科	Machilus nanmu	润楠	◎	Endangered
130	Lauraceae	樟科	Neolitsea obtusifolia	钝叶新木姜子	◎	Vulnerable
131	Lauraceae	樟科	Neolitsea shingningensis	新宁新木姜子	◎	Vulnerable
132	Lauraceae	樟科	Phoebe bournei	闽楠	◎	Vulnerable
133	Lauraceae	樟科	Phoebe puwenensis	普文楠	◎	Vulnerable
134	Lauraceae	樟科	Phoebe zhennan	楠木	◎	Vulnerable
135	Lauraceae	樟科	Syndiclis lotungensis	乐东油果樟	◎	Critically Endangered
136	Lecythidaceae	玉蕊科	Barringtonia fusicarpa	梭果玉蕊	◎	Vulnerable
137	Lecythidaceae	玉蕊科	Barringtonia racemosa	玉蕊		Endangered
138	Lythraceae	千屈菜科	Lagerstroemia balansae	毛萼紫薇		Endangered
139	Lythraceae	千屈菜科	Lagerstroemia intermedia	云南紫薇		Vulnerable
140	Magnoliaceae	木兰科	Magnolia cathcartii(Alcimandra cathcartii)	长蕊木兰		Vulnerable
141	Magnoliaceae	木兰科	Magnolia henryi (Lirianthe henryi)	大叶木兰		Endangered
142	Magnoliaceae	木兰科	Magnolia aromatica(Manglietia aromatica)	香木莲		Vulnerable
143	Magnoliaceae	木兰科	Magnolia fordiana var. forrestii(Manglietia forrestii)	滇桂木莲		Vulnerable
144	Magnoliaceae	木兰科	Magnolia kwangtungensis(Manglietia kwangtungensis)	毛桃木莲	◎	Vulnerable
145	Magnoliaceae	木兰科	Magnolia baillonii (Michelia baillonii)	合果木		Vulnerable
146	Magnoliaceae	木兰科	Magnolia crassipes (Michelia crassipes)	紫花含笑	◎	Endangered
147	Magnoliaceae	木兰科	Magnolia odora (Michelia odora)	观光木		Vulnerable
148	Magnoliaceae	木兰科	Magnolia globosa (Oyama globosa)	毛叶天女花		Vulnerable
149	Magnoliaceae	木兰科	Magnolia lotungensis(Parakmeria lotungensis)	乐东拟单性木兰	◎	Vulnerable
150	Magnoliaceae	木兰科	Magnolia amoena (Yulania amoena)	天目玉兰	◎	Vulnerable
151	Magnoliaceae	木兰科	Magnolia campbellii(Yulania campbellii)	滇藏玉兰		Vulnerable
152	Magnoliaceae	木兰科	Magnolia liliflora (Yulania liliiflora)	紫玉兰	◎	Vulnerable
153	Magnoliaceae	木兰科	Magnolia sargentiana(Yulania sargentiana)	凹叶玉兰	◎	Vulnerable
154	Meliaceae	楝科	Aglaia lawii	望谟崖摩		Vulnerable
155	Meliaceae	楝科	Toona ciliata	红椿		Vulnerable
156	Meliaceae	楝科	Swietenia macrophylla	大叶桃花心木		Appendix Ⅲ
157	Meliaceae	楝科	Swietenia mahagoni	桃花心木		Appendix Ⅲ
158	Moraceae	桑科	Artocarpus hypargyreus	白桂木	◎	Endangered
159	Moraceae	桑科	Artocarpus lakoocha	野波罗蜜		Vulnerable
160	Myrtaceae	桃金娘科	Syzygium brachythyrsum	短序蒲桃	◎	Endangered
161	Oleaceae	木犀科	Fraxinus hupehensis	湖北白蜡	◎	Endangered
162	Proteaceae	山龙眼科	Helicia tsaii	潞西山龙眼	◎	Vulnerable
163	Rosaceae	蔷薇科	Pyrus pashia (Malus sikkimensis)	锡金海棠		Vulnerable
164	Rubiaceae	茜草科	Adina cordifolia (Haldina cordifolia)	心叶木		Vulnerable
165	Rubiaceae	茜草科	Nauclea officinalis	乌檀		Vulnerable
166	Rutaceae	芸香科	Phellodendron amurense	黄檗		Vulnerable
167	Salicaceae	杨柳科	Salix arbutifolia (Chosenia arbutifolia)	钻天柳		Vulnerable
168	Sapindaceae	无患子科	Amesiodendron chinense	细子龙		Vulnerable
169	Sapindaceae	无患子科	Dimocarpus longan	龙眼		Vulnerable
170	Sapindaceae	无患子科	Litchi chinensis	荔枝		Endangered
171	Sapindaceae	无患子科	Mischocarpus hainanensis	海南柄果木	◎	Vulnerable
172	Sapotaceae	山榄科	Madhuca hainanensis	海南紫荆木	◎	Vulnerable
173	Sapotaceae	山榄科	Madhuca pasquieri	紫荆木		Vulnerable
174	Sapotaceae	山榄科	Pouteria grandifolia	龙果		Endangered
175	Stachyuraceae	旌节花科	Stachyurus yunnanensis	云南旌节花		Vulnerable
176	Sterculiaceae	梧桐科	Firmiana major	云南梧桐	◎	Endangered
177	Sterculiaceae	梧桐科	Heritiera angustata	长柄银叶树		Endangered
178	Sterculiaceae	梧桐科	Heritiera littoralis	银叶树		Vulnerable
179	Sterculiaceae	梧桐科	Heritiera parvifolia	蝴蝶树		Vulnerable
180	Sterculiaceae	梧桐科	Pterospermum menglunense	勐仑翅子树	◎	Endangered
181	Sterculiaceae	梧桐科	Reevesia pycnantha	密花梭罗	◎	Vulnerable
182	Styracaceae	安息香科	Rehderodendron macrocarpum	木瓜红		Vulnerable
183	Tetracentraceae	水青树科	Tetracentron sinense	水青树		Appendix Ⅲ
184	Theaceae	山茶科	Camellia indochinensis var. indochinensis	柠檬金花茶		Vulnerable
185	Theaceae	山茶科	Eurya megatrichocarpa	大果毛柃		Endangered
186	Theaceae	山茶科	Stewartia calcicola	云南紫茎	◎	Endangered
187	Thymelaeaceae	瑞香科	Aquilaria sinensis	土沉香	◎	Appendix Ⅲ；Vulnerable
188	Tiliaceae	椴树科	Burretiodendron esquirolii	柄翅果		Vulnerable
189	Tiliaceae	椴树科	Diplodiscus trichospermus	海南椴	◎	Vulnerable
190	Tiliaceae	椴树科	Burretiodendron obconicum (Excentrodendron obconicum)	长蒴蚬木	◎	Critically Endangered
191	Tiliaceae	椴树科	Excentrodendron tonkinense(Burretiodendron hsienmu)	蚬木		Endangered
192	Tiliaceae	椴树科	Microcos chungii	海南破布叶		Vulnerable
193	Tiliaceae	椴树科	Tilia miqueliana	南京椴		Vulnerable
194	Trochodendraceae	昆栏树科	Trochodendron aralioides	昆栏树		Vulnerable
195	Ulmaceae	榆科	Ulmus elongata	长序榆	◎	Endangered
196	Verbenaceae	马鞭草科	Gmelina arborea	云南石梓		Vulnerable
197	Verbenaceae	马鞭草科	Vitex pierreana	莺哥木		Vulnerable

Table 4. Comparative scientific name between FOC* and APG IV** in this database.

* FOC: Flora of China
** Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Ⅳ
：Names of families and species after nomenclature change from FOC to APG IV

No.	Family by FOC	Species by FOC	Family by APG IV	Species by APG IV
Gymnospermae
1	Taxodiaceae	Cryptomeria japonica var. sinensis	Cupressaceae	Cryptomeria japonica var. sinensis
2	Taxodiaceae	Cunninghamia lanceolata	Cupressaceae	Cunninghamia lanceolata
3	Cupressaceae	Cupressus funebris	Cupressaceae	Cupressus pendula
4	Taxodiaceae	Glyptostrobus pensilis	Cupressaceae	Glyptostrobus pensilis
5	Taxodiaceae	Metasequoia glyptostroboides	Cupressaceae	Metasequoia glyptostroboides
6	Taxodiaceae	Taiwania cryptomerioides	Cupressaceae	Taiwania cryptomerioides
7	Taxodiaceae	Taxodium distichum	Cupressaceae	Taxodium distichum
8	Pinaceae	Tsuga longibracteata	Pinaceae	Nothotsuga longibracteata
9	Cephalotaxaceae	Cephalotaxus fortunei	Taxaceae	Cephalotaxus fortunei
10	Cephalotaxaceae	Cephalotaxus mannii	Taxaceae	Cephalotaxus mannii
11	Cephalotaxaceae	Cephalotaxus sinensis	Taxaceae	Cephalotaxus sinensis
Angiospermae
12	Verbenaceae	Avicennia marina	Acanthaceae	Avicennia marina
13	Flacourtiaceae	Gynocardia odorata	Achariaceae	Gynocardia odorata
14	Flacourtiaceae	Hydnocarpus hainanensis	Achariaceae	Hydnocarpus hainanensis
15	Bretschneideraceae	Bretschneidera sinensis	Akaniaceae	Bretschneidera sinensis
16	Hamamelidaceae	Altingia chinensis	Altingiaceae	Liquidambar chinensis
17	Hamamelidaceae	Semiliquidambar chingii	Altingiaceae	Liquidambar chingii
18	Hamamelidaceae	Altingia excelsa	Altingiaceae	Liquidambar excelsa
19	Hamamelidaceae	Liquidambar formosana	Altingiaceae	Liquidambar formosana
20	Hamamelidaceae	Altingia gracilipes	Altingiaceae	Liquidambar gracilipes
21	Hamamelidaceae	Altingia yunnanensis	Altingiaceae	Liquidambar yunnanensis
22	Anacardiaceae	Spondias lakonensis	Anacardiaceae	Spondias lakonensis Pierre
23	Araliaceae	Tupidanthus calyptratus	Araliaceae	Schefflera pueckleri
24	Bignoniaceae	Mayodendron igneum	Bignoniaceae	Radermachera ignea
25	Clusiaceae	Calophyllum inophyllum	Calophyllaceae	Calophyllum inophyllum
26	Clusiaceae	Mesua ferrea	Calophyllaceae	Mesua ferrea
27	Ulmaceae	Aphananthe aspera	Cannabaceae	Aphananthe aspera
28	Ulmaceae	Celtis biondii	Cannabaceae	Celtis biondii
29	Ulmaceae	Celtis bungeana	Cannabaceae	Celtis bungeana
30	Ulmaceae	Celtis julianae	Cannabaceae	Celtis julianae
31	Ulmaceae	Celtis philippensis	Cannabaceae	Celtis philippensis
32	Ulmaceae	Celtis sinensis	Cannabaceae	Celtis sinensis
33	Ulmaceae	Celtis tetrandra	Cannabaceae	Celtis tetrandra
34	Ulmaceae	Celtis vandervoetiana	Cannabaceae	Celtis vandervoetiana
35	Ulmaceae	Gironniera subaequalis	Cannabaceae	Gironniera subaequalis
36	Ulmaceae	Pteroceltis tatarinowii	Cannabaceae	Pteroceltis tatarinowii
37	Ulmaceae	Trema angustifolia	Cannabaceae	Trema angustifolia
38	Ulmaceae	Trema orientalis	Cannabaceae	Trema orientalis
39	Icacinaceae	Gonocaryum lobbianum	Cardiopteridaceae	Gonocaryum lobbianum
40	Combretaceae	Anogeissus acuminata	Combretaceae	Terminalia phillyreifolia
41	Alangiaceae	Alangium chinense	Cornaceae	Alangium chinense
42	Alangiaceae	Alangium kurzii	Cornaceae	Alangium kurzii
43	Alangiaceae	Alangium kurzii var. handelii	Cornaceae	Alangium kurzii var. handelii
44	Alangiaceae	Alangium platanifolium var. trilobatum	Cornaceae	Alangium platanifolium var. trilobatum
45	Dipterocarpaceae	Parashorea chinensis	Dipterocarpaceae	Shorea chinensis
46	Elaeocarpaceae	Elaeocarpus decipiens	Elaeocarpaceae	Elaeocarpus zollingeri
47	Saxifragaceae	Polyosma cambodiana	Escalloniaceae	Polyosma cambodiana
48	Euphorbiaceae	Trevia nudiflora	Euphorbiaceae	Mallotus nudiflorus
49	Fabaceae	Caesalpinia decapetala	Fabaceae	Biancaea decapetala
50	Fabaceae	Caesalpinia sappan	Fabaceae	Biancaea sappan
51	Fabaceae	Acacia catechu	Fabaceae	Senegalia catechu
52	Fagaceae	Cyclobalanopsis bella	Fagaceae	Quercus bella
53	Fagaceae	Cyclobalanopsis blakei	Fagaceae	Quercus blakei
54	Fagaceae	Cyclobalanopsis championii	Fagaceae	Quercus championii
55	Fagaceae	Cyclobalanopsis chungii	Fagaceae	Quercus chungii
56	Fagaceae	Cyclobalanopsis delavayi	Fagaceae	Quercus delavayi
57	Fagaceae	Cyclobalanopsis gambleana	Fagaceae	Quercus gambleana
58	Fagaceae	Cyclobalanopsis gilva	Fagaceae	Quercus gilva
59	Fagaceae	Cyclobalanopsis glauca	Fagaceae	Quercus glauca
60	Fagaceae	Cyclobalanopsis helferiana	Fagaceae	Quercus helferiana
61	Fagaceae	Cyclobalanopsis hui	Fagaceae	Quercus hui
62	Fagaceae	Cyclobalanopsis longinux	Fagaceae	Quercus longinux
63	Fagaceae	Cyclobalanopsis myrsinifolia	Fagaceae	Quercus myrsinifolia
64	Fagaceae	Cyclobalanopsis neglecta	Fagaceae	Quercus neglecta
65	Fagaceae	Cyclobalanopsis oxyodon	Fagaceae	Quercus oxyodon
66	Fagaceae	Cyclobalanopsis pachyloma	Fagaceae	Quercus pachyloma
67	Fagaceae	Cyclobalanopsis patelliformis	Fagaceae	Quercus patelliformis
68	Fagaceae	Cyclobalanopsis glaucoides	Fagaceae	Quercus schottkyana
69	Fagaceae	Cyclobalanopsis sessilifolia	Fagaceae	Quercus sessilifolia
70	Fagaceae	Cyclobalanopsis tenuicupula	Fagaceae	Quercus tenuicupula
71	Fagaceae	Formanodendron doichangensis	Fagaceae	Trigonobalanus doichangensis
72	Aucubaceae	Aucuba chinensis	Garryaceae	Aucuba chinensis
73	Saxifragaceae	Deutzia crenata	Hydrangeaceae	Deutzia crenata
74	Saxifragaceae	Hydrangea aspera	Hydrangeaceae	Hydrangea aspera
75	Saxifragaceae	Hydrangea bretschneideri	Hydrangeaceae	Hydrangea bretschneideri
76	Saxifragaceae	Hydrangea paniculata	Hydrangeaceae	Hydrangea paniculata
77	Clusiaceae	Cratoxylum cochinchinense	Hypericaceae	Cratoxylum cochinchinense
78	Clusiaceae	Cratoxylum formosum subsp. pruniflorum	Hypericaceae	Cratoxylum formosum subsp. pruniflorum
79	Clusiaceae	Hypericum monogynum	Hypericaceae	Hypericum monogynum
80	Saxifragaceae	Itea chinensis	Iteaceae	Itea chinensis
81	Erythroxylaceae	Ixonanthes reticulata	Ixonanthaceae	Ixonanthes reticulata
82	Rhoipteleaceae	Rhoiptelea chiliantha	Juglandaceae	Rhoiptelea chiliantha
83	Verbenaceae	Callicarpa arborea	Lamiaceae	Callicarpa arborea
84	Verbenaceae	Callicarpa japonica	Lamiaceae	Callicarpa japonica
85	Verbenaceae	Callicarpa macrophylla	Lamiaceae	Callicarpa macrophylla
86	Verbenaceae	Clerodendrum mandarinorum	Lamiaceae	Clerodendrum mandarinorum
87	Verbenaceae	Clerodendrum trichotomum	Lamiaceae	Clerodendrum trichotomum
88	Verbenaceae	Gmelina arborea	Lamiaceae	Gmelina arborea
89	Verbenaceae	Gmelina chinensis	Lamiaceae	Gmelina chinensis
90	Verbenaceae	Gmelina hainanensis	Lamiaceae	Gmelina hainanensis
91	Verbenaceae	Premna szemaoensis	Lamiaceae	Premna szemaoensis
92	Verbenaceae	Tectona grandis	Lamiaceae	Tectona grandis
93	Verbenaceae	Vitex pierreana	Lamiaceae	Vitex pierreana
94	Verbenaceae	Vitex quinata	Lamiaceae	Vitex quinata
95	Verbenaceae	Vitex tripinnata	Lamiaceae	Vitex tripinnata
96	Lauraceae	Cinnamomum japonicum	Lauraceae	Cinnamomum insularimontanum
97	Lauraceae	Neolitsea aurata	Lauraceae	Neolitsea sericea var. aurata
98	Magnoliaceae	Yulania amoena	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia amoena
99	Magnoliaceae	Manglietia aromatica	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia aromatica
100	Magnoliaceae	Michelia baillonii	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia baillonii
101	Magnoliaceae	Yulania campbellii	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia campbellii
102	Magnoliaceae	Alcimandra cathcartii	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia cathcartii
103	Magnoliaceae	Michelia chapensis	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia chapensis
104	Magnoliaceae	Michelia compressa	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia compressa
105	Magnoliaceae	Manglietia conifera	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia conifera
106	Magnoliaceae	Michelia crassipes	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia crassipes
107	Magnoliaceae	Yulania cylindrica	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia cylindrica
108	Magnoliaceae	Lirianthe delavayi	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia delavayi
109	Magnoliaceae	Yulania denudata	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia denudata
110	Magnoliaceae	Michelia wilsonii	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia ernestii
111	Magnoliaceae	Michelia figo	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia figo
112	Magnoliaceae	Michelia floribunda	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia floribunda
113	Magnoliaceae	Manglietia fordiana	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia fordiana
114	Magnoliaceae	Manglietia forrestii	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia fordiana var. forrestii
115	Magnoliaceae	Manglietia fordiana var. hainanensis	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia fordiana var. hainanensis
116	Magnoliaceae	Michelia foveolata	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia foveolata
117	Magnoliaceae	Oyama globosa	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia globosa
118	Magnoliaceae	Lirianthe henryi	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia henryi
119	Magnoliaceae	Michelia hypolampra	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia hypolampra
120	Magnoliaceae	Parakmeria kachirachirai	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia kachirachirai
121	Magnoliaceae	Manglietia kwangtungensis	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia kwangtungensis
122	Magnoliaceae	Yulania liliiflora	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia liliflora
123	Magnoliaceae	Parakmeria lotungensis	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia lotungensis
124	Magnoliaceae	Michelia macclurei	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia macclurei
125	Magnoliaceae	Michelia maudiae	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia maudiae
126	Magnoliaceae	Michelia odora	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia odora
127	Magnoliaceae	Houpoëa officinalis	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia officinalis
128	Magnoliaceae	Yulania sargentiana	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia sargentiana
129	Magnoliaceae	Yulania sprengeri	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia sprengeri
130	Magnoliaceae	Michelia x alba	Magnoliaceae	Magnolia x alba
131	Tiliaceae	Berrya cordifolia	Malvaceae	Berrya cordifolia
132	Bombacaceae	Bombax ceiba	Malvaceae	Bombax ceiba
133	Tiliaceae	Burretiodendron esquirolii	Malvaceae	Burretiodendron esquirolii
134	Tiliaceae	Excentrodendron tonkinense	Malvaceae	Burretiodendron hsienmu
135	Tiliaceae	Excentrodendron obconicum	Malvaceae	Burretiodendron obconicum
136	Bombacaceae	Ceiba pentandra	Malvaceae	Ceiba pentandra
137	Tiliaceae	Colona floribunda	Malvaceae	Colona floribunda
138	Tiliaceae	Colona thorelii	Malvaceae	Colona thorelii
139	Sterculiaceae	Eriolaena spectabilis	Malvaceae	Eriolaena spectabilis
140	Sterculiaceae	Firmiana colorata	Malvaceae	Firmiana colorata
141	Sterculiaceae	Firmiana major	Malvaceae	Firmiana major
142	Sterculiaceae	Firmiana simplex	Malvaceae	Firmiana simplex
143	Tiliaceae	Grewia eriocarpa	Malvaceae	Grewia eriocarpa
144	Sterculiaceae	Heritiera angustata	Malvaceae	Heritiera angustata
145	Sterculiaceae	Heritiera littoralis	Malvaceae	Heritiera littoralis
146	Sterculiaceae	Heritiera parvifolia	Malvaceae	Heritiera parvifolia
147	Tiliaceae	Microcos chungii	Malvaceae	Microcos chungii
148	Tiliaceae	Microcos paniculata	Malvaceae	Microcos paniculata
149	Bombacaceae	Ochroma lagopus	Malvaceae	Ochroma lagopus
150	Sterculiaceae	Pterospermum heterophyllum	Malvaceae	Pterospermum heterophyllum
151	Sterculiaceae	Pterospermum lanceifolium	Malvaceae	Pterospermum lanceifolium
152	Sterculiaceae	Pterospermum menglunense	Malvaceae	Pterospermum menglunense
153	Sterculiaceae	Pterygota alata	Malvaceae	Pterygota alata
154	Sterculiaceae	Reevesia pubescens	Malvaceae	Reevesia pubescens
155	Sterculiaceae	Reevesia pycnantha	Malvaceae	Reevesia pycnantha
156	Sterculiaceae	Sterculia hainanensis	Malvaceae	Sterculia hainanensis
157	Sterculiaceae	Sterculia lanceolata	Malvaceae	Sterculia lanceolata
158	Sterculiaceae	Sterculia monosperma var. monosperma	Malvaceae	Sterculia monosperma var. monosperma
159	Sterculiaceae	Sterculia pexa	Malvaceae	Sterculia pexa
160	Sterculiaceae	Sterculia villosa	Malvaceae	Sterculia villosa
161	Tiliaceae	Tilia amurensis	Malvaceae	Tilia amurensis
162	Tiliaceae	Tilia chinensis	Malvaceae	Tilia chinensis
163	Tiliaceae	Tilia mandshurica	Malvaceae	Tilia mandshurica
164	Tiliaceae	Tilia miqueliana	Malvaceae	Tilia miqueliana
165	Tiliaceae	Tilia paucicostata	Malvaceae	Tilia paucicostata
166	Tiliaceae	Tilia tuan	Malvaceae	Tilia tuan
167	Icacinaceae	Apodytes dimidiata	Metteniusaceae	Apodytes dimidiata
168	Icacinaceae	Platea latifolia	Metteniusaceae	Platea latifolia
169	Icacinaceae	Platea parvifolia	Metteniusaceae	Platea parvifolia
170	Myricaceae	Myrica esculenta	Myricaceae	Morella esculenta
171	Myricaceae	Myrica rubra	Myricaceae	Morella rubra
172	Mastixiaceae	Diplopanax stachyanthus	Nyssaceae	Diplopanax stachyanthus
173	Scrophulariaceae	Paulownia catalpifolia	Paulowniaceae	Paulownia catalpifolia
174	Scrophulariaceae	Paulownia elongata	Paulowniaceae	Paulownia elongata
175	Scrophulariaceae	Paulownia fargesii	Paulowniaceae	Paulownia fargesii
176	Scrophulariaceae	Paulownia fortunei	Paulowniaceae	Paulownia fortunei
177	Scrophulariaceae	Paulownia kawakamii	Paulowniaceae	Paulownia kawakamii
178	Scrophulariaceae	Paulownia tomentosa	Paulowniaceae	Paulownia tomentosa
179	Theaceae	Adinandra formosana	Pentaphylacaceae	Adinandra formosana
180	Theaceae	Adinandra hainanensis	Pentaphylacaceae	Adinandra hainanensis
181	Theaceae	Adinandra millettii	Pentaphylacaceae	Adinandra millettii
182	Theaceae	Anneslea fragrans	Pentaphylacaceae	Anneslea fragrans
183	Theaceae	Cleyera japonica	Pentaphylacaceae	Cleyera japonica
184	Theaceae	Eurya alata	Pentaphylacaceae	Eurya alata
185	Theaceae	Eurya chinensis	Pentaphylacaceae	Eurya chinensis
186	Theaceae	Eurya macartneyi	Pentaphylacaceae	Eurya macartneyi
187	Theaceae	Eurya megatrichocarpa	Pentaphylacaceae	Eurya megatrichocarpa
188	Theaceae	Eurya trichocarpa	Pentaphylacaceae	Eurya trichocarpa
189	Theaceae	Ternstroemia gymnanthera	Pentaphylacaceae	Ternstroemia gymnanthera
190	Theaceae	Ternstroemia japonica	Pentaphylacaceae	Ternstroemia japonica
191	Theaceae	Ternstroemia kwangtungensis	Pentaphylacaceae	Ternstroemia kwangtungensis
192	Theaceae	Ternstroemia simaoensis	Pentaphylacaceae	Ternstroemia simaoensis
193	Euphorbiaceae	Antidesma japonicum	Phyllanthaceae	Antidesma japonicum
194	Euphorbiaceae	Aporosa dioica	Phyllanthaceae	Aporosa octandra var. octandra
195	Euphorbiaceae	Aporosa yunnanensis	Phyllanthaceae	Aporosa yunnanensis
196	Euphorbiaceae	Baccaurea ramiflora	Phyllanthaceae	Baccaurea ramiflora
197	Euphorbiaceae	Bischofia javanica	Phyllanthaceae	Bischofia javanica
198	Euphorbiaceae	Bischofia polycarpa	Phyllanthaceae	Bischofia polycarpa
199	Euphorbiaceae	Bridelia balansae	Phyllanthaceae	Bridelia balansae
200	Euphorbiaceae	Bridelia retusa	Phyllanthaceae	Bridelia retusa
201	Euphorbiaceae	Cleistanthus sumatranus	Phyllanthaceae	Cleistanthus sumatranus
202	Euphorbiaceae	Phyllanthus emblica	Phyllanthaceae	Phyllanthus emblica
203	Euphorbiaceae	Phyllanthus flexuosus	Phyllanthaceae	Phyllanthus flexuosus
204	Euphorbiaceae	Glochidion puberum	Phyllanthaceae	Phyllanthus puberus
205	Euphorbiaceae	Glochidion wrightii	Phyllanthaceae	Phyllanthus wrightii
206	Myrsinaceae	Ardisia crenata	Primulaceae	Ardisia crenata
207	Myrsinaceae	Ardisia sieboldii	Primulaceae	Ardisia sieboldii
208	Myrsinaceae	Ardisia solanacea	Primulaceae	Ardisia solanacea
209	Myrsinaceae	Ardisia thyrsiflora	Primulaceae	Ardisia thyrsiflora
210	Myrsinaceae	Maesa japonica	Primulaceae	Maesa japonica
211	Myrsinaceae	Myrsine faberi	Primulaceae	Myrsine faberi
212	Myrsinaceae	Myrsine seguinii	Primulaceae	Myrsine seguinii
213	Myrsinaceae	Myrsine semiserrata	Primulaceae	Myrsine semiserrata
214	Euphorbiaceae	Drypetes congestiflora	Putranjivaceae	Drypetes congestiflora
215	Euphorbiaceae	Drypetes hainanensis	Putranjivaceae	Drypetes hainanensis
216	Euphorbiaceae	Drypetes perreticulata	Putranjivaceae	Drypetes perreticulata
217	Rhamnaceae	Rhamnus ussuriensis	Rhamnaceae	Rhamnus davurica var. nipponica
218	Rosaceae	Stephanandra incisa	Rosaceae	Neillia incisa
219	Rosaceae	Photinia beauverdiana	Rosaceae	Pourthiaea beauverdiana
220	Rosaceae	Pygeum topengii	Rosaceae	Prunus arborea var. montana
221	Rosaceae	Armeniaca vulgaris	Rosaceae	Prunus armeniaca
222	Rosaceae	Cerasus campanulata	Rosaceae	Prunus campanulata
223	Rosaceae	Cerasus cerasoides	Rosaceae	Prunus cerasoides
224	Rosaceae	Cerasus conradinae	Rosaceae	Prunus conradinae
225	Rosaceae	Cerasus japonica var. glandulosa	Rosaceae	Prunus glandlosa
226	Rosaceae	Padus grayana	Rosaceae	Prunus grayana
227	Rosaceae	Cerasus humilis	Rosaceae	Prunus humilis
228	Rosaceae	Padus maackii	Rosaceae	Prunus maackii
229	Rosaceae	Armeniaca mume var. mume	Rosaceae	Prunus mume
230	Rosaceae	Padus avium var. pubescens	Rosaceae	Prunus padus var. pubescens
231	Rosaceae	Cerasus patentipila	Rosaceae	Prunus patentipila
232	Rosaceae	Amygdalus persica	Rosaceae	Prunus persica
233	Rosaceae	Laurocerasus phaeosticta	Rosaceae	Prunus phaeosticta
234	Rosaceae	Cerasus pseudocerasus	Rosaceae	Prunus pseudocerasus
235	Rosaceae	Cerasus serrulata var. serrulata	Rosaceae	Prunus serrulata
236	Rosaceae	Laurocerasus spinulosa	Rosaceae	Prunus spinulosa
237	Rosaceae	Laurocerasus zippeliana	Rosaceae	Prunus zippeliana
238	Rosaceae	Chaenomeles sinensis	Rosaceae	Pseudocydonia sinensis
239	Rosaceae	Sorbus pteridophylla	Rosaceae	Sorbus pteridophylla
240	Rubiaceae	Haldina cordifolia	Rubiaceae	Adina cordifolia
241	Sabiaceae	Meliosma rhoifolia	Sabiaceae	Meliosma oldhamii var. rhoifolia
242	Flacourtiaceae	Carrierea calycina	Salicaceae	Carrierea calycina
243	Flacourtiaceae	Casearia kurzii	Salicaceae	Casearia kurzii
244	Flacourtiaceae	Casearia membranacea	Salicaceae	Casearia membranacea
245	Flacourtiaceae	Casearia velutina	Salicaceae	Casearia velutina
246	Flacourtiaceae	Flacourtia mollis	Salicaceae	Flacourtia mollis
247	Flacourtiaceae	Flacourtia rukam	Salicaceae	Flacourtia rukam
248	Flacourtiaceae	Homalium ceylanicum	Salicaceae	Homalium ceylanicum
249	Flacourtiaceae	Homalium cochinchinense	Salicaceae	Homalium cochinchinense
250	Flacourtiaceae	Homalium phanerophlebium	Salicaceae	Homalium phanerophlebium
251	Flacourtiaceae	Idesia polycarpa	Salicaceae	Idesia polycarpa
252	Flacourtiaceae	Itoa orientalis	Salicaceae	Itoa orientalis
253	Salicaceae	Populus maximowiczii	Salicaceae	Populus suaveolens
254	Salicaceae	Chosenia arbutifolia	Salicaceae	Salix arbutifolia
255	Salicaceae	Salix matsudana	Salicaceae	Salix babylonica var. matsudana
256	Salicaceae	Salix raddeana	Salicaceae	Salix caprea
257	Salicaceae	Salix maximowiczii	Salicaceae	Salix cardiophylla
258	Flacourtiaceae	Xylosma congesta	Salicaceae	Xylosma congesta
259	Flacourtiaceae	Xylosma controversa	Salicaceae	Xylosma controversa
260	Aceraceae	Acer amplum subsp. catalpifolium	Sapindaceae	Acer amplum subsp. catalpifolium
261	Aceraceae	Acer buergerianum	Sapindaceae	Acer buergerianum
262	Aceraceae	Acer caesium	Sapindaceae	Acer caesium
263	Aceraceae	Acer campbellii	Sapindaceae	Acer campbellii
264	Aceraceae	Acer chingii	Sapindaceae	Acer chingii
265	Aceraceae	Acer cordatum	Sapindaceae	Acer cordatum
266	Aceraceae	Acer coriaceifolium	Sapindaceae	Acer coriaceifolium
267	Aceraceae	Acer davidii	Sapindaceae	Acer davidii
268	Aceraceae	Acer davidii subsp. grosseri	Sapindaceae	Acer davidii subsp. grosseri
269	Aceraceae	Dipteronia sinensis	Sapindaceae	Acer dielsii
270	Aceraceae	Acer erianthum	Sapindaceae	Acer erianthum
271	Aceraceae	Acer fabri	Sapindaceae	Acer fabri
272	Aceraceae	Acer flabellatum	Sapindaceae	Acer flabellatum
273	Aceraceae	Acer laxiflorum	Sapindaceae	Acer laxiflorum
274	Aceraceae	Acer mandshuricum	Sapindaceae	Acer mandshuricum
275	Aceraceae	Acer oblongium	Sapindaceae	Acer oblongium
276	Aceraceae	Acer oliverianum	Sapindaceae	Acer oliverianum
277	Aceraceae	Acer palmatum	Sapindaceae	Acer palmatum
278	Aceraceae	Acer pictum subsp. mono	Sapindaceae	Acer pictum subsp. mono
279	Aceraceae	Acer pilosum	Sapindaceae	Acer pilosum
280	Aceraceae	Acer sterculiaceum subsp. franchetii	Sapindaceae	Acer sterculiaceum subsp. franchetii
281	Aceraceae	Acer sycopseoides	Sapindaceae	Acer sycopseoides
282	Aceraceae	Acer tegmentosum	Sapindaceae	Acer tegmentosum
283	Aceraceae	Acer triflorum	Sapindaceae	Acer triflorum
284	Aceraceae	Acer truncatum	Sapindaceae	Acer truncatum
285	Hippocastanaceae	Aesculus assamica	Sapindaceae	Aesculus assamica
286	Hippocastanaceae	Aesculus chinensis	Sapindaceae	Aesculus chinensis
287	Hippocastanaceae	Aesculus chinensis var. wilsonii	Sapindaceae	Aesculus chinensis var. wilsonii
288	Hippocastanaceae	Handeliodendron bodinieri	Sapindaceae	Handeliodendron bodinieri
289	Sapindaceae	Sapindus saponaria	Sapindaceae	Sapindus mukorossi
290	Illiciaceae	Illicium henryi	Schisandraceae	Illicium henryi
291	Illiciaceae	Illicium majus	Schisandraceae	Illicium majus
292	Illiciaceae	Illicium simonsii	Schisandraceae	Illicium simonsii
293	Illiciaceae	Illicium verum	Schisandraceae	Illicium verum
294	Olacaceae	Schoepfia chinensis	Schoepfiaceae	Schoepfia chinensis
295	Olacaceae	Schoepfia jasminodora	Schoepfiaceae	Schoepfia jasminodora
296	Staphyleaceae	Turpinia pomifera	Staphyleaceae	Dalrympelea pomiera
297	Staphyleaceae	Euscaphis japonica	Staphyleaceae	Staphylea japonica
298	Icacinaceae	Gomphandra sp.	Stemonuraceae	Gomphandra sp.
299	Symplocaceae	Symplocos paniculata	Symplocaceae	Symplocos chinensis
300	Symplocaceae	Symplocos lucida	Symplocaceae	Symplocos theifolia
301	Theaceae	Schima superba	Theaceae	Schima noronhae
302	Tetracentraceae	Tetracentron sinense	Trochodendraceae	Tetracentron sinense
303	Adoxaceae	Viburnum amplifolium	Viburnaceae	Viburnum amplifolium
304	Adoxaceae	Viburnum cylindricum	Viburnaceae	Viburnum cylindricum
305	Adoxaceae	Viburnum odoratissimum	Viburnaceae	Viburnum odoratissimum
306	Vitaceae	Ampelopsis cantoniensis	Vitaceae	Nekemias cantoniensis

6. References

1) Qin H. et al. 2017. Threatened Species List of China’s Higher Plants (中国高等植物受威胁物种名录). Biodiversity Sci. 25 (7): 696-744 (in Chinese and English).

2) Zheng W. J. (4 vols.) 1983, 1985, 1997, 2004. Atlas of Chinese Trees (Sylva Sinica 中国树木志) (in Chinese).

3) Flora of China: http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=2 (accessed 28 September 2021).

4) Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: https://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/welcome.html (accessed 28 September 2021).

5) Correction of common names and unification of pinyin used for plants in ‘Flora of China’ (in Chinese). http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?filename=ZKYS200608001026&dbcode=CPFD&dbname=CPFD2010 (accessed 28 September 2021).

6) Yonekura K. 2019. Updated syllabus of vascular plant families―based on phylogeny-based system with list of genera for Japanese users (新維管束植物分類表). Hokuryukan Co. Ltd. Tokyo, (in Japanese).

7) Richter H. G., Grosser D., Heinz I. and Gasson P. E. 2004. IAWA List of Microscopic Features for Softwood Identification. IAWA J. 25(1): 1–70.

8) Wheeler E. A., Baas, P. and Gasson, P. E. 1989. IAWA List of Microscopic Features for Hardwood Identification. IAWA Bulletin n.s. 10(3): 219–332.

9) Cheng J., Yang J. and Liu P. 1992. “Wood Atlas in China, 中国木材志” (in Chinese).

10) Corkhill T. 1979. The Complete Dictionary of Wood - Authoritative and Comprehensive: 10,000 terms relating to wood and its use, explained and clarified, 1,000 illustrations. New York, Dorset Press. P. 658.

11) Mertz M., Itoh T. 2007. “The Study of Buddhist Sculptures from Japan and China Based on Wood Identification,” in Janet G. Douglas et al., (eds.) Scientific Research on the Sculptural Arts of Asia: Proceedings of the Third Forbes Symposium at the Freer Gallery of Art. London: Archetype Publications. p. 200, (198-204).

12) Mertz M., Itoh T. 2010. “A Study of the Wood Species of 73 Deity Sculptures of the Hunan Province, from the Patrice Fava Collection”, in Alain Arrault (ed.), Religions and local society - Interdisciplinary Studies on the Central Region of Hunan, Cahiers d’Extrême - Asie 19, Kyoto, (EFEO). pp. 192-94, (183-214).

Takao ITOH

II. Construction of tree distribution maps in China

1. Introduction
2. Data collection
3. Map edition
4. Referrences

1. Introduction

Maps of tree distribution in China were published in the past, for instance, in “Atlas of Woody Plants in China” (1), in “Higher Plants of China” (2), and in the “Plant Science Data Center” (3). However, it remains unclear whether the tree distribution status is native or cultivated in these published maps. Here, we provide county-level distribution maps for representative species included in our database with a primary objective to present their natural distributions in China. We categorize the maps into three statuses in the description of “General” for the corresponding species as follows:

- Native:

Maps show the natural (more accurately, potentially natural) habitat of tree species in China. Information on place of native distribution of these tree species can be easily obtained from data sources. Most maps provided in our database are categorized as “Native”.

- Cultivated: Maps of cultivated species native to China.

Maps show the distribution of tree species which are native, but widely cultivated in China, e.g., fruit tree species of the Rosaceae family and commercial timber tree species such as Morus alba, Sophora japonica, etc. For these species, natural and cultivated distribution are often mixed or sometimes only the cultivated distribution is recorded in data sources.

- Introduced and cultivated:

Introduced and cultivated is applied to those species that are introduced from other countries and cultivated in China.

2. Data collection

The distribution data were collected following a two-step procedure. We first collected the province-level distribution of each species from two main databases as shown in Table 5. Second, we searched for the county-level distributions from provincial flora (main databases) and other available sources (Table 6). It is noted that some provincial flora had not been completely published by the time of data collection, especially the “Flora of Gansu” (which is supposed to be in eight volumes, but only one volume had been published when we initiated the work), the “Flora of Jiangxi”, the “Flora of Hunan”, and the “Flora of Sichuan”. To fill this information gap, we referred to the “Plant Science Data Center” (3) which provides locations from which plant specimens were collected in the past, covering most parts of China.

The provincial-level distributions in our database covers 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, and 4 municipalities in China. Hong Kong and Macau are two special administrative regions, which are also on the provincial level administratively; however, they are relatively small and highly modernized with little forest cover. Therefore, we do not describe the tree distribution for these two regions.

The county-level distribution includes counties, autonomous counties, county-level cities, banners*, autonomous banners and city districts (or cities). City districts at a county-level were frequently combined into one “city” to facilitate data collection and map edition. Four municipalities, i.e., Beijing City, Chongqing City, Shanghai City and Tianjin City, are also called “city” in China. We treated Beijing City, Shanghai City and Tianjin City as “cities” at county levels because they are relatively small and highly urbanized. By contrast, the Chongqing City was considered at the “provincial level” for its vast area.

*: the autonomous administrative division is exclusively used in Nei Mongol, China

Table 5. Data sources for province-level distribution.

	Name	Chinese Name	Reference
1	Scientific Database of China Plant Species	中国植物物种信息数据库	(4)
2	Flora of China	中国植物志英文版	(5)

Table 6. Data sources for county-level distribution.

	Province (Chinese)*	Local flora (Chinese)	Reference
1	Anhui Province ( 安徽省)	Flora of Anhui (安徽植物志)	(6)
2	Fujian Province (福建省)	Flora of Fujian (福建植物志)	(7)
3	Gansu Province (甘肃省)	Flora of Gansu (甘肃植物志)	(8)
3	Gansu Province (甘肃省)	Flora Tsinlingensis (秦岭植物志)	(9)
4	Guangdong Province (广东省)	Flora of Guangdong (广东植物志)	(10)
5	Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (广西壮族自治区)	Exchange Platform of Guangxi Plan Information (广西植物资源信息共享平台)	(11)
		Flora of Guangxi (广西植物志)	(12)
		Sylva Guangxigensis (广西树木志)	(13)
7	Guizhou Province (贵州省)	Flora of Guizhou (贵州植物志)	(14)
8	Hainan Province (海南省)	Flora of Hainan (海南植物志)	(15)
8	Hainan Province (海南省)	Flora of Guangdong (广东植物志)	(10)
9	Hebei Province (河北省) &Beijing City (北京市) &Tianjin City (天津市)	Flora of Hebei (河北植物志)	(16)
9		Woody Flora of Hebei (河北树木志)	(17)
10	Heilongjiang Province (黑龙江省)	Flora of Heilongjiang (黑龙江植物志)	(18)
10	Heilongjiang Province (黑龙江省)	Flora of Heilongjiang (黑龙江植物资源志)	(19)
11	Henan Province (河南省)	Flora of Henan (河南植物志)	(20)
12	Hubei Province (湖北省)	Flora of Hubei (湖北植物志)	(21)
13	Hunan Province (湖南省)	Flora of Hunan (湖南植物志)	(22)
13	Hunan Province (湖南省)	Woody Flora of Hunan (湖南树木志)	(23)
14	Jiangsu Province (江苏省)&Shanghai City (上海市)	Flora of Jiangsu (江苏植物志)	(24)
14	Jiangsu Province (江苏省)&Shanghai City (上海市)	Flora of Jiangsu, new version (江苏植物志, 新版)	(25)
15	Jiangxi Province (江西省)	Flora of Jiangxi (江西植物志)	(26)
15	Jiangxi Province (江西省)	Flora of Jiangxi, new version (江西植物志, 新版)	(27)
16	Jilin Province (吉林省)	Iconographia Plantarum Lignosarum Jilinica (吉林树木图志)	(28)
17	Liaoning Province (辽宁省)	Flora of Liaoning (辽宁植物志)	(29)
18	Nei Mongol Autonomous Region (内蒙古自治区)	Flora of Nei Mongol (内蒙古植物志)	(30)
19	Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (宁夏回族自治区)	Flora of Ningxia (宁夏植物志)	(31)
20	Qinghai Province (青海省)	Flora of Qinghai (青海植物志)	(32)
21	Shaanxi Province (陕西省)	Dendrologia Schensiensis (陕西树木志)	(33)
21	Shaanxi Province (陕西省)	Flora Tsinlingensis (秦岭植物志)	(9)
22	Shandong Province (山东省)	Flora of Shandong (山东植物志)	(34)
22	Shandong Province (山东省)	Woody Flora of Shandong (山东树木志)	(35)
23	Shanxi Province (山西省)	Flora of Shanxi (山西植物志)	(36)
24	Sichuan Province (四川省) & Chongqing City (重庆市)	Flora of Sichuan (四川植物志)	(37)
24	Sichuan Province (四川省) & Chongqing City (重庆市)	Tree distribution in Sichuan (四川树木分布)	(38)
25	Taiwan (台湾省)	Woody Flora of Taiwan (台湾树木志)	(39)
25	Taiwan (台湾省)	Plants of Taiwan (台湾植物资讯整合查询系统)	(40)
26	Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (新疆维吾尔族自治区)	Flora Xinjiang (新疆植物志)	(41)
27	Xizang Autonomous Region, or Tibet (西藏自治区)	Flora of Xizang (西藏植物志)	(42)
28	Yunnan Province (云南省)	Flora of Yunnan (云南植物志)	(43)
29	Zhejiang Province (浙江省)	Flora of Zhejiang (浙江植物志)	(44)
30	Complementary sources to several provinces	Plant Science Data Center (植物科学数据中心)	(3)
*: Province refers to the province-level divisions that we focus on distribution maps , including provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities.

3. Map edition

The process of constructing a distribution map consists of two steps, data collection and map edition, which will be explained below in the case of Wendlandia uvariifolia Hance (水锦树 <shui jin shu>).

Step 1: Data collection

Step 1.1 Province-level distribution

Data collection from ‘Scientific Database of China Plant Species’ (Fig. 2) and ‘Flora of China’.

Distributing provinces from the two data sources are the same, showing: Taiwan Province (台湾省), Guangdong Province (广东省), Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (广西壮族自治区), Hainan Province (海南省), Guizhou Province (贵州省), and Yunnan Province (云南省). Next, we collected county-level distribution in the corresponding provinces, and this is shown in Step 1.2.

Figure 2. Province-level data for Wendlandia uvariifolia Hance described in ‘Scientific Database of China Plant Species’.

Step 1.2 County-level distribution:

Data collection from ‘Flora of Guangdong’ (Fig. 3), ‘Exchange Platform of Guangxi Plant Information’, ‘Flora of Guizhou’, ‘Flora of Hainan’, ‘Plants of Taiwan’ and ‘Flora of Yunnan’. We obtained county-level distribution as shown below:

Guangdong (广东省) : Gaoyao (高要市), Xinyi (信宜市), Qingyuan (清远市), Guangzhou (广州市), Boluo (博罗县), Jiangmen (江门市), Xinxing (新兴县), Huaiji (怀集县), Fengkai (封开县), Nanhai (南海县), Yunfu (云浮市), Shunde (顺德市), and Zengcheng (增城市)

Guangxi (广西壮族自治区) : Whole region

Guizhou (贵州省) : Anlong (安龙县), Ceheng (册亨县), Wangmo (望谟县), and Luodian (罗甸县)

Hainan (海南省): Dongfang (东方市), Ledong (乐东黎族自治县), Sanya (三亚市), Danzhou (儋州市), Changjiang (昌江黎族自治县), Dingan (定安县), Lingshui (陵水黎族自治县), Qiongshan (琼山区、县), Baisha (白沙黎族自治县), and Baoting (保亭黎族苗族自治县)

Taiwan (台湾省): Whole province

Yunnan (云南省): Yanshan (砚山县), Maguan (马关县), Malipo (麻栗坡县), Xichou (西畴县), Funing (富宁县),Mengzi (蒙自县), Pingbian (屏边苗族自治县), Hekou (河口瑶族自治县), Simao (思茅市), and Mengla (勐腊县)

Figure 3. County-level data for Wendlandia uvariifolia Hance described in ‘Flora of Guangdong’

Step 2: Map edition

ArcGIS9.3 (Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.) is used for editing the maps based on the China’s latest administrative divisions from the data collected above.

Finally, the county-level distribution map of Wendlandia uvariifolia Hance is constructed, as shown in Fig. 4.

Figure 4. County-level distribution map constructed for Wendlandia uvariifolia Hance.

Notes

Please note that our data is based on distribution of provincial floras (see references), and much of this information was published for more than ten years old. Distribution of plant species may have changed in recent years due to the fast development and urbanization.

4. References

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2) Fu, L.G., 2012. Higher Plants of China (中国高等植物). Qingdao Press, Qingdao, volume: 1–14. (In Chinese)

3) Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). Plant Science Data Center (植物科学数据中心). URL: https://www.plantplus.cn/cn. (In Chinese) (accessed: 10th April, 2022).

4) Kunming Institute of Botany, CAS. Scientific database of China plant species (中国植物物种信息数据库). URL: http://db.kib.ac.cn/CNFlora/HierarchicalSearch.aspx. (In Chinese) (accessed: 10th April, 2022).

5) Wu, Z.Y., Peter, H.R., 2013. Flora of China. URL: http://foc.iplant.cn/. (accessed: 10th April, 2022).

6) Editorial Committee of Flora of Anhui, 1982–2004. Flora of Anhui (安徽植物志). China Prospect Publishing House, Beijing, volume 1–5. (In Chinese)

7) Editorial Committee of Flora of Fujian, 1982–1993. Flora of Fujian (福建植物志). Fujian Science & Technology Publishing House, Fuzhou, volume 1–6. (In Chinese)

8) Editorial Committee of Flora of Gansu, 2005. Flora of Gansu (甘肃植物志). Gansu Science & Technology Publishing House, Lanzhou, volume 2. (In Chinese)

9) Northwest Institute of Botany, CAS, 1976. Flora Tsinlingensis (秦岭植物志) . Science Press, Beijing, volume 1. (In Chinese)

10) South China Botanical Garden, CAS, 1987–2011. Flora of Guangdong (广东植物志). Guangdong Science & Technology Press, volume 1–10. (In Chinese)

11) Gunagxi Institute of Botany, CAS, 1991–2011. Flora of Guangxi (广西植物志). Guangxi Science & Technology Publishing House, volume 1–3. (In Chinese)

12) Gunagxi Institute of Botany, CAS. Exchange Platform of Guangxi Plant Information (广西植物资源信息共享平台). URL： http://flora.gxib.cn/. Last access: 17th February, 2017. (In Chinese)

13) Guangxi Academy of Forestry, 2012–2015. Sylva Guangxigensis (广西树木志). China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, volume 1–3. (In Chinese)

14) Editorial Committee of Flora of Guizhou, 1982–2004. Flora of Guizhou (贵州植物志). Guizhou People’s Publishing House, Guiyang, volume 1–10. (In Chinese)

15) Guangdong Institute of Botany, CAS, 1965–1977. Flora of Hainan (海南植物志). Science Press, Beijing, volume 1–4. (In Chinese)

16) Editorial Committee of Flora of Hebei. Flora of Hebei (河北植物志). Heibei Science & Technology Publishing House, volume 1–4. (In Chinese)

17) Sun, L.Y., Ren, X.W., 1997. 孙立元, 任宪威. Woody Flora of Hebei (河北树木志). China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing. (In Chinese)

18) Zhou, Y.L., 1985–2003. Flora of Heilongjiang (黑龙江植物志). Northeast Forestry University Publishing House, Harbin, volume 1, 4–11. (In Chinese)

19) Zhou, Y.L., Nie, S.Q., Yuan, X.Y., Yang, F.J., 2003. Flora Heilongjiang (黑龙江植物志资源志). Northeast Forestry University Publishing House, Harbin. (In Chinese)

20) Ding, B.Z., Wang, S.Y, 1981–1998. Flora of Henan (河南植物志). Henan Science & Technology Publishing House, Zhengzhou, volume 1–3. (In Chinese)

21) Wuhan Botanical Garden, CAS, 2001–2002. Flora of Hubei (湖北植物志). Hubei Science & Technology Publishing House, Wuhan, volume 1–4. (In Chinese)

22) Editorial Committee of Flora of Hunan, 2004–2010. Flora of Hunan (湖南植物志). Hunan Science & Technology Publishing House, Changsha, volume 1–3. (In Chinese)

23) Qi, C.J., Lin, Q.Z., 2000. Woody Flora of Hunan (湖南树木志). Hunan Science & Technology Publishing House, Changsha. (In Chinese)

24) Jiangsu Institute of Botany, CAS, 1977–1982. Flora of Jiangsu (江苏植物志). Jiangsu People’s Publishing House, Nanjing, volume 1–2. (In Chinese)

25) Liu, Q.X., 2015. Flora of Jiangsu, new version (江苏植物志, 新版). Phoenix Science Press, Nanjing, volume 2. (In Chinese)

26) Jiangxi branch of CAS, 1960. Flora of Jiangxi (江西植物志). Jiangxi People’s Publishing House, Nanchang. (In Chinese)

27) Editorial Committee of Flora of Jiangxi, 1993–2014. Flora of Jiangxi, new version (江西植物志新版). China Science & Technology Press, Beijing, volume 1–3. (In Chinese)

28) Zhao, Y.T., 2009. Iconographia Plantarum Lignosarum Jilinica (吉林树木图志). China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing. (In Chinese)

29) Li, S.X., 1988–1991. Flora of Liaoning (辽宁植物志). Liaoning Science & Technology Publishing House, Shenyang, volume 1–2. (In Chinese)

30) Editorial Committee of Flora of Nei Mongol, 1977–1985. Flora of Nei Mongol (内蒙古植物志). Nei Mongol People’s Publishing House, Hohhot, volume 1–8. (In Chinese)

31) Ma, D.Z., Hu, F.X., Liu, H.L., 1986–1988. Flora of Ningxia (宁夏植物志). Ningxia People’s Publishing House, Yinchuan, volume 1–2. (In Chinese)

32) Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, CAS, 1996–1999. Flora of Qinghai (青海植物志). Qinghai People’s Publishing House, Xining, volume 1–4. (In Chinese)

33) Niu, C.S., 1990. Dendrologia Schensiensis (陕西树木志). China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing. (In Chinese)

34) Chen, H.B., Zheng, Y.J., Li, F.Z., 1990–1997. Flora of Shandong (山东植物志). Qingdao Publishing House, Qingdao, volume 1–2. (In Chinese)

35) Editorial Committee of Woody Flora of Shandong, 1984. Woody Flora of Shandong (山东树木志). Shandong Science & Technology Publishing House, Jinan. (In Chinese)

36) Liu, T.W. et al., 1992–2004. Flora of Shaxi (山西植物志). China Science & Technology Press, Beijing, volume 1–5. (In Chinese)

37) Editorial Committee of Flora of Sichuan. Flora of Sichuan (四川植物志). Sichuan Science & Technology Publishing House, Chengdu, volume 1–17, 21. (In Chinese)

38) Yang, Z.Q., 1997. Tree distribution in Sichuan (四川树木分布). Guizhou Science & Technology Publishing House, Guiyang. (In Chinese)

39) Lyu, Y.J., L, F.Y., Ou, C.X., 1983. Woody Flora of Taiwan (台湾树木志). College of Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung. (In Chinese)

40) Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University. Plants of Taiwan (台湾植物资讯整合查询系统). URL: https://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/. (In Chinese & English) (accessed 10th April, 2022).

41) Editorial Committee of Flora of Xinjiang, 1992–2004. Flora of Xinjiang (新疆植物志). Xinjiang Science & Technology Medical Publishing House, Urumqi, volume 1–2, 4–6. (In Chinese)

42) Integrated Scientific Expedition to Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, CAS, 1983–1987. Flora of Xizang (西藏植物志). Science Press, Beijing, volume 1–5. (In Chinese)

43) Kunming Institute of Botany, CAS, 1977–2005. Flora of Yunnan (云南植物志). Science Press, Beijing, volume 1–19. (In Chinese)

44) Editorial Committee of Flora of Zhejiang, 1989–1993. Flora of Zhejiang (浙江植物志). Zhejiang Science & Technology Publishing House, Hangzhou, volume 1–7.

Feng WANG, Biao PAN and Takao ITOH

III. Progress of wood anatomy research in China

1. Early history of wood anatomy research
2. Rapid progress of wood anatomy research in the 1980s and 1990s
3. Recent progress of wood anatomy research and future prospects
4. References

1. Early history of wood anatomy research

The first publication of wood anatomy in China can be traced back to “Anatomical Characters and Identification of Formosan Woods” by Ryozo Kanehira in 1921 (1, Fig. 5a). The book consists of five chapters, the main one describing the anatomy of Formosan wood according to Bentham and Hooker's classification. The number of species investigated is 386, comprising of 226 genera and 66 families with microscopic photographs from 46 softwood and 290 hardwood species, which cover quite a number of tree species growing in Taiwan. About 10 years later, articles dealing with Chinese softwood and imported wood were published by Yao Tang (唐耀) in mainland China (2–4). Looking at the early historical trends in wood anatomy in mainland China, the most comprehensive reference is Tang’s “Chinese Wood Science, 中國木材學”, published in 1936 (5, Fig. 5b). This book contains both general and specific sections, the former focusing on wood anatomy and wood quality, and the latter on the commercial timber and systematic classification of Chinese wood. The author describes the anatomical characteristics of wood from 8 families, 24 genera and 48 species of gymnosperms, and from 54 families, 300 genera and 408 species of angiosperms, attached with 376 micrographs. Based on these contributions, Tang (1905–1998), may be considered a pioneer of wood anatomy in China. In 1938, he completed his doctoral thesis, entitled “Systematic Anatomy of the Woods of the Hamamelidaceae《金缕梅科木材系统解剖的研究》”, and received a PhD degree from Yale University, USA. Another scholar, Chen-Lee Lee (1918–2009), was a distinguished Chinese structural botanist, who joined the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) in 1947, received a PhD degree in 1953 with the thesis, entitled “Reproductive morphology of Ginkgo biloba” and returned to Peking University as a professor in 1957. He was also an expert in wood anatomy and have contributed to the early progress of wood anatomy in China. Comparative anatomical studies of vessels in Magnoliaceae was published by Lee and his disciple, Wu in 1988 (6).

Soon after the discovery of the living tree of Metasequoia glyptostroboides in Hubei (at that time, Sichuan province) in 1946, anatomical studies of this species were published by Li in 1948 (7). In the same year, properties of the living fossil wood were studied by Liang et al. (8). In the 1950s and 1960s, articles and books on wood anatomy were published for the uses of domestic timbers (9–12, Fig. 5c). Publications on wood anatomical research, focusing on tropical and subtropical wood in China, was also published in the early 1970s and 1980s (13–15, Fig. 5d, 5e). Around this time, another valuable books, “Wood science, 木材学” was published by Cheng (16, Fig. 6a). This book describes progress in wood science from the 1960s to the early 1980s, in China and is divided into four parts - wood structure, chemical properties of wood, physical properties of wood, and mechanical properties. The section on “Wood structure” has five chapters - tree growth and structure, plant cell wall, wood identification, wood grain, and wood structure and utilization. The section on “Chemical properties of wood” has four chapters - chemical composition of cell walls, extractives, chemical properties of wood and bark. The section on “Physical properties of wood” has six chapters - wood and moisture, wood density, thermo-chemistry of wood, electrical property of wood, acoustic property of wood, and air permeability of wood. The section on “Mechanical properties of wood” has four chapters - basic concepts, compressive strength, tensile strength, and shear strength of wood. As seen from the contents in this book, it covers almost all field of wood science, with the first section on “Wood structure” focusing only on the description of wood anatomy.


Figure 5a (1).	Figure 5b (5).	Figure 5c (12).	Figure 5d (13).	Figure 5d (14).

2. Rapid progress of wood anatomy research in the 1980s and 1990s

The study of wood anatomy in China advanced rapidly in the 1980s to the 1990s, and many of these studies focused on wood identification (17–27), in parallel with the increasing demand for domestic and imported timbers. Of particular interest is the fact that many of these studies deal with region-specific trees in different provinces of China (18–22, 24, 26, 27, Fig. 6b, 6c, 6d, 7a, 7b and 7c).

In the 80s and 90s of the last century a series of six papers, “Wood Anatomy of Trees and Shrubs from China were published in the IAWA Bulletin and IAWA Journal, containing detailed anatomical descriptions, identification keys, and micrographs of Oleaceae (28), Theaceae (29), Rosaceae (30), Ulmaceae (31), Anacardiaceae (33), Magnoliaceae (34).


Figure 6a (16).	Figure 6b (20).	Figure 6c (21).	Figure 6d (22).


Figure 7a (24).	Figure 7b (26).	Figure 7c (27).	Figure 7d (32).

More recently, Cheng, Yang and Liu published a book entitled, “Wood Atlas in China, 中国木材志” in 1992 (32, Fig. 7d). This book includes the following contents.

Preface
Wood Anatomical features and uses (pp.1–700)
I Gymnospermae
1–7 sections (Seven families)
II Angiospermae
8–94 sections (87 families)
Principal uses of wood (pp. 701–752)
Plates of photomicrographs (196 Plates, 392 species)

As can be seen from the contents, this book exclusively describes the anatomical characteristics of Chinese wood attached with micrographs. It includes anatomical descriptions of 36 softwood species and 315 hardwood species. It also includes micrographs, each with the three different planes, cross, radial and tangential sections of wood specimens from 52 softwood and 240 hardwood species. This book provides a detailed description of the anatomy of various species of Chinese wood. We believe this book is an excellent source for researchers interested in wood anatomy and wood identification of Chinese trees. Unfortunately, this book is sold out and not available anymore.


Figure 8a (35).	Figure 8b (37).	Figure 8c (38).	Figure 8d (39).

In the 1990s, the researchers of the Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, was actively involved in sharing information on wood anatomy of Southeast Asian, African and Latin American trees (35, 37, 38, Fig.8a, 8b, 8c). In 1995, wood atlas of local tree species in Shanxi was published by Ke et al. (36). In 1999, wood anatomical illustrations from Yunnan were published in three volumes, with not only micrographs, but also colored images of leaves and branches, and real veneers attached (39, Fig. 8d). A few years later, microscopic features and photomicrographs showing properties of wood from the Northeast district in China were published as a part of a handbook by Liu et al. (40). Zhou and Jiang published an informative book, the “Wood anatomy and ultrastructure of gymnospermous woods in China” in 1994 (41, Fig. 9a). In 1995, Professor Shu Ming Wu, of Nankai University, organized the first ‘International Wood Anatomical Symposium’ supported by IAWA in China, and published the short reports of the presenters under the title of “Wood Research 1995” (42). With the increase of wood anatomy researchers in China, Professor Biao Pan, of Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing China, with the support of IAWA and Jiangsu Provincial People’s Government organized the 8th Pacific Regional Wood Anatomy Conference in Nanjing in 2013, following this conference, the regional organization of IAWA-China Group was formed, which continues to hold its annual meeting every year.


Figure 9a (41).	Figure 9b (45).	Figure 9c (46).	Figure 9d (47).


Figure 10a (48).	Figure 10b (49).	Figure 10c (50).	Figure 10d (51).

3. Recent progress of wood anatomy research and future prospects

With increasing demand for traditional furniture made of rosewood (“Hongmu” in Chinese), wood scientists are often requested for wood identification from furniture companies these days. “Rosewood” furniture is not only traditional but also a major part of Chinese culture, occupying a large commercial sector in China. Consequently, there is a continuous demand for wood identification from “rosewood” and related wood species. Although our scrutiny for publications on rosewood is limited, a booklet titled, “National Standard of Rosewood (Hongmu) in China” (43) and its revised edition (44) is highly recommended. This booklet includes a list of “Rosewood” species, their origin, colored images of “Rosewood”, their anatomical features, and microscopic images. In response to the demand for rosewood furniture, Xu (2008) published a “Wood Identification Atlas”, containing woods introduced from many regions as substitutes for rosewood (45, Fig. 9b); a similar wood identification handbook was published in 2010 (46, Fig. 9c). In addition, with the increase in imported wood from abroad, a lot of information on wood anatomy of “rosewood (Hongmu)”, rare species, and introduced wood species has been published. A primary color Illustrated book of imported woods (47, Fig. 9d), a book on wood anatomical characteristics of globally important trees (48, Fig. 10a) and an illustrated book identifying the world’s valuable woods (49, Fig. 10b) were published, introducing a large number of commercial wood species, with information on distribution, local and scientific names, properties, uses and photographs of logs, boards, and lumbers. On the other hand, for basic information on wood anatomy of coniferous wood, Jiang et al. published an informative book, entitled “Atlas of gymnosperm woods of China” which covers many coniferous trees growing in China. This book contains high quality micrographs and tree distribution maps (50, Fig. 10c).

With increasing demands for the protection of CITES-listed trees, Yin and Jiang (2015) have published an illustrated reference book describing wood identification methods for these species, which can be recommended as a laboratory instruction manual for students and young researchers (51, Fig. 10d).

As described above, the demand for wood materials necessary for rosewood furniture, which supports China's unique furniture culture, is expected to continue for many years to come. On the other hand, as natural resources are depleted, other species of wood may gradually replace rosewood in the furniture business in the future. Needless to say, the use of wood must be promoted in harmony with the preservation of the global environment. With this in mind, it is hoped that a variety of studies will be conducted simultaneously to support efforts to protect trees and timbers regulated by CITES.

4. References

1) Kanehira, R. 1921. Anatomical characters and identification of Formosan woods, with critical remarks from the climatic point of view with 300 micrographs. Bureau of Productive Industries Government of Formosa Taihoku, 317 p., Plates L (50).

2) Tang Y. 1932. Anatomical studies and identification of Chinese softwoods, timber studies of Chinese trees Ⅱ. Fan Memorial Bulletin Vol. Ⅲ, No. 13, pp. 157-161.

3) Tang Y. 1933. Anatomical studies and identification of Chinese softwoods I. Bulletin of the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology volume Ⅳ, Number 7, Published by the Institute, Peiping, China. (唐耀, 中國裸子植物各属木材之研究, 静生生物調査所彙報第四巻, 第七號, 北平静生生物調査所刊行, 1933).

4) Tang Y. 1934. Research on imported wood. Journal of Chinese Botany, volume I, Number 2, Botanical Society of China, 199 p. (唐耀, 輸入外材之研究, 载中国植物学杂志, 第一巻第二期, 中國植物學會刊行, 199 p, 1934).

5) Tang Y. 1936. Chinese wood science. The Commercial Press, 1-680, Plates No.1-37 (75 P.). (唐耀, 中國木材學, 商務印書館, 1-680, 図版第一～第三十七（75 p.）, 1936).

6) Wu S., Lee C. 1988. Comparative anatomical studies on the vessel elements of eight genera in magnoliaceae (吴树明，李正理, 八属木兰科植物木材导管分子的比较解剖), Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, No.1 :33-39,127-128.

7) Li Y. H. 1948. Anatomical study of the wood of “shui-sha”, Metasequoia glyptostroboides newly discovered tree in Wan County. Hu et Cheng, Research Institute of Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Research Bulletin, Number 5. (李扬汉, 萬縣新發現之水杉木材之解剖, 農林部中央林業実験所研究專刊第五號, 民國三十七, 1948）.

8) Liang H., Chow K. Y. & Au C. N. 1948. Properties of A "Living- fossile" Wood, Forestry Institute, National Central University, Research Bulletin, Number 1. (梁希，周光荣，区炽南，“活化石”木材的性质，国立中央大学森林学研究所研究报告，木材工艺学第一号，民国三十七年, 1948).

9) Liang S., Ou C., Zhang J. 1951. Research on domestic conifer wood, Section of Utilization. Forest faculty, Nanjing University. (梁世镇, 区炽南, 张景良, 国产针叶树材构造之研究, 南京大学森林系利用组, 1951).

10) Liang S. 1952. Microstructure of 175 wood species in western Sichuan province. Nanjing Forestry University. (梁世镇, 川西175种木材細微构造, 南京林业大學, P. 40 p., 1952).

11) Cheng J. Q. and Wei G. Y. 1957. Key notes and description of anatomical features of softwoods. Acta Botanica Sinica, Vol.4, No.1. (成俊卿, 卫广扬, 针叶树材解剖性质的记载要点和说明, 植物学报, 第四巻, 第一號, 1957).

12) Huang D. 1964. Atlas of commercial wood in northeast China. Science Press, 1-226 p., Plates I-LXXII (72). (黄达璋, 东北经济木材志, 科学出版社, 1-226 p, 図版I-LXXII (72), 1964).

13) Tang Y. 1973. Tropical and subtropical wood in Yunnan. Science Press, 296 p., Plates 1-79. (唐耀., 云南热带材及亚热带材, 科学出版社, 296 p,, 図版1-79, 1973).

14) Cheng J. 1980. Chinese tropical and subtropical wood. Science Press, 592 p. (成俊卿, 中国热带及亚热带木材, 科学出版社, 592 p., 1980).

15) Tang Y. 1982. Anatomical basis of wood. Yunnan Forestry Institute, 156 p. (唐耀, 木材解剖学基础, 云南林学院, 156 p., 1982).

16) Cheng J. 1985. Wood Science. China Forestry Publishing House. (成俊卿, 木材学, 中国林业出版社, 1985).

17) Cheng J., Cai, S. 1982. Wood identification and utilization. China Forestry Publishing House, 140 p., Plates 1-27. (成俊卿, 蔡少松, 木材识别与利用, 中国林业出版社, 140 p., 图版1-27, 1982).

18) Wang B. Q. 1983. Wood identification. Shanxi Science and Technology Press, 124 p. (汪秉全, 木材识别, 陕西科学技术出版社, 124 P., 1983).

19) Liu S. L., Fang W. B., Huang L. Y., et al. 1983. The structure and properties of Cathaya argyrophylla wood. Hunan Science and Technology Press, 94 p., Picture Plates 1-182. (刘松龄, 方文彬, 黄玲英等, 银杉木材构造和性质, 湖南科学技术出版社, 94 p., 图版1-182, 1983).

20) Gong Y., Wang, W. 1985. Identification manual of common wood. Jiangsu Science Press, 493 p., Plates 1-69. (龚耀乾,王婉华, 常用木材识别手册, 江蘇科学技术出版社, 493 p., 図版1-69, 1985).

21) Luo W., Wang B. 1985. Identification and utilization of Guizhou wood. Guizhou People’s Press 449 p., Picture Plates 1-34. (罗文吉, 王邦林, 贵州木材识别与利用, 贵州人民出版社, 449 p., 图版1-34, 1985).

22) He T. X.1985. Identification of south China hardwoods. China Forestry Publishing House, 389 p. (何天相, 华南阔叶树木材识别, 中国林业出版社, 389 p., 1985.

23) Wei G. 1988. Identification manual of southeast Asian wood. Anhui Science Press, 308 p., Plates 1-28. (卫广扬, 东南亚木材―识别及用途, 安徽科学技术出版社, P. 308 p., 图版1-28, 1988).

24) Xu Z., Lin D., Zhao F. 1988. The identification and uses of wood in Fujian, Fujian Science Publishing House, 411 p. (许增辉, 林大家, 赵发桐, 福建木材识别与用途, 福建科学技术出版社, 411p, 1988).

25) Zhang J., Wu D., Zou S., Liu J. 1989. Wood atlas in Xishuangbanna (1). China Forestry Publishing House, 1-140 p., Plates 1-38. (张景良, 吴达期, 邹寿青, 刘建华, 西双版纳主要木材（一）, 中国林业出版社, 1-184 , 图版1-38, 1989)

26) Xie F., Xu F., Zhu J., Li C. 1990. The identification, properties and uses of wood. Publishing House of Academic Publications, 650 p. (谢福惠, 徐峰, 祝俊新, 李重九, 木材树种识别, 材性及用途, 学术书刊出版社, 650p, 1990).

27) Luo L. 1989. Atlas of commercial wood in Yunnan. Yunnan People’s Press, 1-452 p., Picture Plates 1-124. (罗良才, 云南经济木材志, 云南人民出版社, 1-452, 图版1-124, 1989).

28) Baas P., Zhang X. 1986. Wood anatomy of trees and shrubs from China. I. Oleaceae. IAWA Bull. n.s. 7: pp. 195-220.

29) Deng L., Baas P. 1990. Wood anatomy of trees and shrubs from China II. Theaceae. IAWA Bull. n.s. 11: 337-378.

30) Zhang S., Baas P. 1992. Wood anatomy of trees and shrubs from China. III. Rosaceae. IAWA Bull. n.s. 13: 21-92.

31) Zhong Y. Baas P. Wheeler A. E. 1992. Wood anatomy of trees and shrubs from China. IV. Ulmaceae. IAWA Bull. n.s. 13: 419-453.

32) Cheng J., Yang J., Liu P. 1992. Wood atlas in China. China Forestry Publishing House. (成俊卿, 杨家驹, 刘鹏, 中国木材志, 中国林业出版社, 1992).

33) Dong Z., Baas P. 1993. Wood anatomy of trees and shrubs from China. V. Anacardiaceae. IAWA Bull. n.s. 14: 87-102.

34) Chen B., Baas P., Wheeler A. E., Wu S. 1993. Wood anatomy of trees and shrubs from China. VI. Magnoliaceae. IAWA Bull. n.s. 14: 391-412.

35) Liu P., Yang J., Lu H. 1993. Southeast Asian tropical timber. China Forestry Publishing House, 331 p., Plates 1-103. (刘鹏, 杨家驹, 卢鸿俊, 东南亚热带木材, 中国林业出版社, 331 p., 图版1-103, 1993).

36) Ke B., Ke S., Ke D., Ma Z. 1995. Wood atlas of Zhongtiao Mountain in Shanxi. Science Press, 322 p., Plates 1-110. (柯病凡, 柯曙华, 柯洞凡, 马志强, 山西中条山木材志, 科学出版社 322 p., 图片1-110, 1995).

37) Liu P , Jiang X., Zhang L. 1996. African tropical timber. China Forestry Publishing House, 1-347 p., Plates 1-103. (刘鹏, 姜笑梅, 张立菲, 非州热带木材, 中国林业出版社, 1-347 p., 图版1-103, 1996).

38) Jiang X., Zhang L., Liu P. 1999. Latin American tropical timber. China Forestry Publishing House, 1-333 p., Plates 1-104. (姜笑梅, 张立菲, 刘鹏, 拉丁美洲热带木材, 中国林业出版社, 1-333 p., 图版1-104, 1999).

39) Ye, R., Mo, S., Zou S., Shou, Q. 1999. Wood atlas of broad-leaved trees in Yunnan, Yunnan University Publishing House, Vol. I (1-100 p. ), Vol. II (101-200 p. ), Vol. Ⅲ (201-304 p. ). (叶如欣, 莫树门, 邹寿青, 中国云南闊叶树及木材图鉴, 云南大学出版, 第一冊 (pp. 1-100), 第二冊 (pp. 101-200), 第三冊 (pp. 201-304), 1999).

40) Liu Y., Yu H., liu Y. 2004. The manual of wood properties and uses in northeast China. Chemical Industrial Press, 346 p. (刘一星, 于海鹏, 迎涛, 中国东北地区木材性質与用途手册, 化学工业出版社, 346 p., 2004).

41) Zhou Y., Jiang X. 1994. Wood anatomy and ultrastructure of gymnospermous woods in China. China Forestry Publishing House. (周崟，姜笑梅. 中国裸子植物材的木材解剖学及超微结构，中国林业出版社，632 P., 1994).

42) Wu S, 1995. Wood Anatomy Research, International Academic Publishers.

43) National standard of rosewood in China. China Standards Press, 34 p., 2000. (中华人民共和国国家标准「紅木」, 中国标准出版社, 34 p., 2000).

44) National standard of rosewood in China. China Standards Press, 65 p., 2017. (中华人民共和国国家标准「紅木」, 中国标准出版社, 65 p., 2017).

45) Xu F. 2008. Wood Identification Atlas. Chemical Industrial Press, 416 p. (徐峰, 木材鉴定图譜, 化学工业出版社, 416 p., 2008).

46) Wang M., Ye K., Jiang X., Lu B. 2010. Wood identification manual. China Forestry Publishing House, 252 p. (王满, 叶克林, 姜笑梅, 吕斌, 常用实木鉴别手册, 中国林业出版社, 252 p., 2010).

47) Guo X., Ran J. 2004. Macro graphic atlas of imported wood. Shanghai Science and Technology Press, 250 p. (郭喜良, 冉俊祥, 进口木材原色图鉴, 上海科学技术出版社, 250 p., 2004).

48) Jiang Z. H., Peng Z. H. 2001. Wood properties of the major tree species in the world. Science Press, 390 p., Plates 1-203. (江泽慧，彭镇华，世界主要树种木材科学特性，科学出版社，390 p., 图版1-203, 2001).

49) Pan B., Jiang J., Fang C. 2020. The atlas and identification of valuable timber in the world. China Forestry Publishing House, 248 p. (潘彪, 蒋劲东, 方崇荣, 世界名贵木材鉴别图鉴, 中国林业出版社, 248p, 2020).

50) Jiang X., Cheng Y., Yin Y. 2010. Wood atlas of gymnosperms in China. Science Press, 490 p. (姜笑梅, 程业明, 殷亚方, 中国裸子植物木材志, 科学出版社, 490 p., 2010).

51) Yin Y., Jiang X. et al. 2015. Identification guide for endangered and precious tropical timber. Science Press, 171 p. (殷亚方, 姜笑梅等, 濒危和珍贵热带木材识别图鉴, 科学出版社, 171 p., 2015).

(We have cited the main publications on wood anatomy published in China, but may have missed some relevant publications, and apologize for not citing them.)

Takao ITOH and Biao PAN

IV. Instructions for database search

1. Access to the database
2. Screens & menus
3. Search menus & protocols
4. References

To run this database, please have the database web site (URL), Account ID, and password provided by the publisher.

1. Access to the database

Start by opening (clicking) one of the four icons shown in Fig. 11.

Figure 11. Recommended web browsers.

Paste the URL (providing by Kaiseisha Press) of the database into the address bar (red frame in Fig. 12) and click on it.

Figure 12. The address bar.

The “LOGIN” page will be displayed (Fig. 13).

Figure 13. The “LOGIN” page.

Enter the “Account ID” and “Password” information (providing by Kaiseisha Press) in the “LOGIN”page, and click on “login”. The homepage of the database will be displayed on the screen (Fig. 14).

Figure 14. Homepage of the database.

2. Screens & menus

2-1. Home:

The homepage shows four menus, “Home”, “Contents”, “List”, “Search” and one switch in the menu bar (dotted square in Fig. 14). The functions of these four menus are described in turn.

Notes: As a hidden menu, clicking on the menu button to the left of "Home" brings up the entire menu, from which all menu items can be accessed.

2-2. Contents:

Moving the cursor to “Contents” in the homepage shows the following sub-menus.

Preface
I. Construction of the database
II. Construction of tree distribution maps in China
III. Progress of wood anatomy research in China
IV. Instructions for database search

Any sub-menu can be opened by clicking on it.

2-3. List:

Moving the cursor to “List” in the homepage shows the following sub-menus.

All species
Softwood
Hardwood

Any sub-menu can be opened by clicking on it and a list of wood species will appear. Any species (or scientific name) can be selected by scrolling and clicking on it.

Scientific names in the sub-menu can be presented in four different orders, depending on the combination of the two entries for each of “Arrangement” and “Scientific name” in dotted square located under the menu bar (Fig. 15). In practice, user has to choose either “Alphabet for family & species” or “Phylogeny” from the “Arrangement”, and either “APG IV” or “Flora of China” from the “Scientific name” by clicking on the small circle in front of each entry. Then, any order of species names will be displayed on the screen. For example, in the combination of “Alphabet for family & species” and “APG Ⅳ”, all species will be displayed in alphabetical order of family and genus names accepted in APG Ⅳ classification on the screen, while in the combination of “Phylogeny”, and “APG Ⅳ”, all species will be displayed in phylogenetic order of families and genera accepted in APG Ⅳ classification on the screen. These procedures are common to the three sub-menus.

Figure 15. A part of the list

When the users click on one of the three sub-menus, a list of all species, softwood species or hardwood species appears. Individual species names will be displayed in the following order: gymnosperm or angiosperm, family name, and the scientific name of a species. Figure 15 is an example of the list when choosing “Alphabet” from “Arrangement” and “APGⅣ” from “Scientific name". When clicking scientific name of some species, the file including the microscopic features, a distribution map, a macro photo (or stereomicroscopic image), and nine optical microscope images of some species, is displayed on the screen (Fig. 16a). As for the description of the microscopic features in hardwood, a heading including the scientific name, its synonyms, Chinese name and pinyin, followed by “General”, “Growth rings”, “Vessels”, “Tracheids and fibres”, “Axial parenchyma”, “Rays”, “Intercellular canals” (or “Tubes/tubules” or “Cambial variants”), “Uses”, “IAWA codes” and “Source of wood specimens” appear on the screen in order. Several functional keys can be viewed on the menu bar in Fig. 16a (or red square in Fig. 16b). Clicking on “Hide descriptions” in the square, the screen switches to nine pairs of optical microscope images. At the same time, “Hide descriptions” on the menu bar switches to “Show descriptions”. Clicking on the “<” or “>” signs in the menu bar, the screen switches to the previous or next pages. When clicking on the “Return to list” in the menu bar, the screen switches to a list of all species, softwood species or hardwood species.

If necessary, two or more microscopic images or descriptions will be displayed on the screen at the same time by cricking on an icon, “opens in new window button 2”. Therefore, microscopic images or descriptions of different species can be compared easily and quickly for finding some differences of their microscopic features.

In general, users can find descriptions, distribution maps or microscope images quickly by scrolling up and down on the screen. If users want to look at enlarged microscopic images, they have to move a cursor over the individual image and click on it, then the image will be enlarged. Further, the image will be enlarged more by turning the mouse wheel. Whenever the image is enlarged, further additional image manipulation marks (toolbar) appear below the image. The explanations of the function are omitted, but users can click on the individual marks to see how they work.

Figure 16a. A screen showing the plate of Abies chensiensis.

Figure 16b. A menu bar.

2-4. Search:

Moving the cursor to “Search” in the homepage shows the following sub-menus.

Names
IAWA Softwood Codes
IAWA Hardwood Codes

Any sub-menu can be opened by clicking on it.

3. Search menus & protocols

3-1. Names

Clicking on “Names” will display the screen of “search by names” (Fig. 17).

Any one of the following three names can be used for searching wood species.

Family name
Species name
Vernacular name

Prior to searching by any one of three sub-menus, the user needs to choose “Flora of China” or “APG” by clicking the small circle in front of either one of the classifications (red dotted ellipse in Fig. 17).

As shown in Table 4 in Chapter I, the old family names have been replaced by new family names in the updated family-level classification. Therefore, if you select "APG", you will be able to search for trees belonging to the new family name, but not those belonging to the old family name, and the message "no record found" will appear. Conversely, selecting "Flora of China" will produce the opposite result: trees belonging to the new family name will not be searched and "no record found" will be displayed.

Figure 17. Screen of “Search by names”.

Family name

Move a cursor to a long and blank rectangle to the right of the “family name” and click on it. Then, all family names listed in this database will appear in alphabetical order (Fig. 18). Moving a cursor on the family name that users want to search, and click on it, the family name that you have chosen will appear in the rectangle. Click on the “search” button, then a list of all genera and species belonging to the selected family will be displayed on the screen (Fig. 19a, showing an example of Betulaceae). Microscopic features of any species in the list will be displayed on the screen by clicking on the scientific name or on the icon (open in new window button 2).

If the users wish to continue to view the information of another species in the list, they can move the cursor to the “back to search page” button (red dotted square in Fig. 19b) under the menu bar and click on it to return to the original list screen. Then, select other species again after clicking on "Reset" button.

Figure 18. Display of family names.

Figure 19a. An example of Betulaceae.

Figure 19b. “back to search page” button.

Species name

Move a cursor to a long and blank rectangle to the right of “species name” and click on it. Then, all species (scientific) names including synonym listed in this database will appear in alphabetical order. Move a cursor on the species (scientific) name that users want by scrolling and click on it, the candidate species name will appear in the rectangle. Click on the “search” button, then the microscopic features and images of the candidate species will be displayed on the screen. To magnify an individual microscope image, move the cursor over the individual image, clicks, and turns the mouse wheel. Whenever the image is enlarged, further additional image processing marks (toolbar) are displayed below the image (Fig. 20). The function of the image processing marks are not explained here, but you can click on the individual marks to see how they work.

Figure 20. Showing image processing toolbar.

If users want to look at anatomical descriptions, distribution maps or macro photos after viewing the microscope images, move the cursor over the “show descriptions” on the menu bar and click to switch screens.

If the users want to search other species, move the cursor over the “Return to search page” on the menu bar (square in Fig. 16a & 16b) and click it, the screen will return to search page. Then, click on the “reset” button to reset the species name left in the blank square of species field and start the search of other species again.

Notes: Instead of following the above procedure, enter some genus name in the blank rectangle to the right of the “Species name” and click the “Search” button. A list of all species belonging to that genus will be displayed. The icon, “open in new window button 2” function allows us to quickly compare microscopic features and images of all species in the genus.

Vernacular name

Move a cursor to the blank rectangle to the right of “vernacular name” and click on it. Then, all vernacular name in this database will appear in alphabetical order of pinyin with Chinese characters. Moving a cursor to a pinyin with its Chinese character that users want by scrolling and click on it. The candidate pinyin with its Chinese character will appear in the rectangle. Click the “search” button, then, the microscopic features of the candidate species will be displayed on the screen.

For the rest of the search, please refer to the search method by “species name”.

3-2. IAWA Softwood codes & IAWA Hardwood codes

These two sub-menus are constructed for identifying wood species by narrowing down the candidate species from all species listed in this database. Prior to searching IAWA codes, users need to select a number (from 0 to 5) of mismatches allowed by clicking “mismatches allowed” button (ellipse in Fig. 21). The probability of a successful search will be increased by selecting a high confidence microscopic features (or IAWA codes).

By clicking on “IAWA softwood codes” (or “IAWA hardwood codes”), “the IAWA softwood (or hardwood) list will be displayed on the screen (Fig. 21). Microscopic features (or IAWA codes) obtained after examination of microscopic slides prepared from some unknown wood specimen can be determined by selecting “+” or “−” (“present” or “absent”) that appears successively by clicking the empty square in front of each IAWA code. After detecting other reliable microscopic features (or IAWA codes) as much as possible and clicking the “search” button on the top of the screen, a list of candidate species will be displayed on the screen. Microscopic features of some selected species can then be viewed by clicking on their scientific name.

Notes: When the search of microscopic features in an unknown sample is unsuccessful, “no record found” appears on the screen. In such a case, it is recommended not to select too many codes and to avoid codes corresponding to ambiguous features. Instead, only reliable microscopic features (or IAWA codes) should be used in the search to narrow down the candidate species and continue the search for candidate species using other reliable IAWA codes. Once the candidate species have been narrowed down, a detailed comparison of the microscopic slides of unknown specimen and the reference microscopic slides of the candidate species should be made using optical microscopy. Therefore, it is always recommended that a reference microscopic slide or specimen be used to validate the results of user’s database search.

Figure 21. Showing 'IAWA List of softwood codes'.

The search options in this database of Chinese Woods, offers basically the same options for wood identification as the Inside Wood Database (1). Useful advices on which search strategies to adopt for identification various sorts of unknowns and which pitfalls to avoid, are given in Wheeler et al. (2).

4. References

1) Wheeler, E.A. 2011. Inside Wood – a web resource for wood anatomy. IAWA J. 32: 199-211.

2) Wheeler, E.A., Gasson, P.E. and Baas, P. 2020. Using the InsideWood web site: Potentials and pitfalls. IAWA J. 41: 412-462.

Takao ITOH and Masato FUKUI

IAWA Hardwood List

IAWA Softwood List

Search by names

Anatomical Database and Atlas of Chinese Woods

Preface

I. Construction of the database

1. Introduction

2. Collection of wood specimens

3. Preparation of slides

4. Description of microscopic features

5. Appendices

6. References

II. Construction of tree distribution maps in China

1. Introduction

2. Data collection

3. Map edition

4. References

III. Progress of wood anatomy research in China

1. Early history of wood anatomy research

2. Rapid progress of wood anatomy research in the 1980s and 1990s

3. Recent progress of wood anatomy research and future prospects

4. References

IV. Instructions for database search

1. Access to the database

2. Screens & menus

2-1. Home:

2-2. Contents:

2-3. List:

2-4. Search:

3. Search menus & protocols

3-1. Names

3-2. IAWA Softwood codes & IAWA Hardwood codes

4. References

Author's and contributor's affiliation

About citation

Version history

Primitive

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